YTsUKEN - the main Russian-language keyboard layout for computers and typewriters .
The name comes from the 6 left characters of the top row of the layout. The prototype of the layout appeared at the end of the 19th century, in the mid-50s of the 20th century the layout became similar to the modern one. Some changes occurred in the 90s of the XX century, this was due to the development and widespread dissemination of computer technology.
History
The layout was invented in the United States at the end of the 19th century (in Russia, the production of our own typewriters was established only by the 1930s ). The design of the printing unit was well-developed, and the most important letters were located under the index fingers - unlike QWERTY . At that time, the layout was officially called the "standard keyboard" [1] . The letters C and E were placed among the numbers, and the numbers 0, 1 and 3 were generally absent, since it was believed that they could be replaced by the letters O, I and Z [1] .
Saving some characters and letters has been a common tradition that has been traced since the creation of typewriters . In Russian layouts, the letter E, semicolon, asterisk, and brackets are often saved. At the same time, some of the signs were replaced by outwardly similar ones, as it was with the numbers 0, 1, 3; the other part was obtained by the so-called "compound method", which consisted in the fact that several characters were printed on top of each other [2] .
Layout Options
Based on the location of the main characters of JTSUKEN, there are several layout options.
Russian
In most modern operating systems for the Russian language, the following layout is used by default:
| IBM / Windows 105-Key Keyboard Layout | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Esc | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 | F9 | F10 | F11 | F12 | PrtSc Sysrq | Scroll Lock | Pause Break | |||||||||
| Ins | Home | Pgup | Numlk | / | * | - | ||||||||||||||||||
| Del | End | Pgdn | 7 | eight | 9 | + | ||||||||||||||||||
| four | five | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| ↑ | one | 2 | 3 | Ent | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ← | ↓ | → | 0 | , | ||||||||||||||||||||
This arrangement of the letter E and the characters on the top row was first introduced by Microsoft for Windows 3.1 . On most modern keyboards with a Russian layout, characters are printed according to this pattern.
Russian (typewriting)
As an alternative, the Microsoft (typewriter) layout is available in Microsoft Windows, which differs in the location of non-letter characters and the letter Ё, which more closely matches traditional typewriters and is more convenient for speed typing, as punctuation marks are typed without using ⇧ Shift , while to dial numbers in the top row you must use ⇧ Shift .
On OpenSolaris and other Unix-like operating systems, this layout is standard. The layout corresponds to GOST 6431-90.
Apple
Apple's keyboards, computers, and Mac OSs still ship with their own proprietary keyboard layout created in the mid -90s . The YTsUKEN layout is used, however, the letter ё is located on the right in the second letter row. The main difference is in the arrangement of punctuation marks: a dot and a comma are entered on the number line through ⇧ Shift , a colon , a semicolon and a percent sign are located on other buttons. It is also possible with the help of combinations with ⌥ Option to type additional characters and letters of other Slavic languages. In addition, Mac OS has its own phonetic layouts based on QWERTY , QWERTZ and AZERTY .
JCUKEN-based layouts
Based on the Russian layout, layouts were created for all languages of the former USSR , using or using the Cyrillic alphabet. At the moment, there are official (that is, supported by software manufacturers such as Microsoft ) layouts for the following languages: Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Belarusian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Tatar, Uzbek, Ukrainian, Yakut. For the rest of the languages, there are many home-made user-defined layouts, primarily on GNU / Linux systems .
Belarusian and Ukrainian layouts appeared even in Windows 95 . Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar and Uzbek became available starting with Windows XP . Bashkir and Tajik - with Windows Vista . Yakutskaya - with Windows 7 .
Belorussian
Ukrainian
Tatar
Russian letters and additional characters are available by simultaneously pressing and holding the AltGr key (right Alt ) and the corresponding letter. This layout is also suitable for Turkmen and Kalmyk.
Bashkir
Kazakh
Kyrgyz
Kyrgyz letters are typed by simultaneously pressing and holding the AltGr key (right Alt ) and the corresponding letter.
Yakutskaya
Tajik
Uzbek
Azerbaijani
Udmurtia
Izhevsk historian and linguist Denis Sakharny created two keyboard layouts for Udmurt: the main version uses the upper number line for Udmurt letters, the alternative version replaces rarely used Russian letters with the corresponding Udmurt letters (similar to the Tatar layout) [3] .
Mari
For the Mari language, there is a Komi-Udmurt-Mari layout [4] .
Chuvash
Mongolian (FCUZHEN)
The Mongolian layout is based on a modified version of the YTsUKEN layout, called FTsUZHEN, where letters related to the Russian language are replaced by letters that are more used in the Mongolian language.
Other Cyrillic Layouts
Serbian
The only “dead” key is used to enter the Macedonian letters “Ѓ ѓ” and “Ќ ќ”, as well as the typewritten apostrophe (in combination with the space bar): “m. K. á ”,“ K k ”→“ Ќ ќ ”,“ m. K. á ”,“ space ”→“ '”. [five]
Macedonian
Bulgarian
Standard Bulgarian keyboard from 2006
This version of the layout is available on Windows Vista and higher. Capital versions of the letters "b" and "s" can also be typed, but only when the caps lock mode is on. The capital version of the letter “Ѝ” can be typed with the help of an additional key, and if it is absent, it is similar to the letter “Ы” (in Caps Lock mode with “Shift” held down). [five]
Phonetic Cyrillic keyboard layout for the Bulgarian language, from 2006 (Also known as "CHSHERT").
See also
- Russian keyboard layout
- QWERTY
- Typographic layout of Ilya Birman
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Mendeleev I.P. New in the field of typewriters // Nature and People. - 1912. - No. 49 .
- ↑ Dmitrevskaya E.I., Dmitrevsky N.N. Part 1. The theory of typewriting and the methodology of studying the technique of writing (with a course of exercises) // Methods of teaching typewriting. - M. , 1948.
- ↑ Sugar D. Udmurt fonts and layouts .
- ↑ Komi-Udmurt-Mari keyboard layout .
- ↑ 1 2 Patterns for some existing keyboard layouts .