Sikora, Josef

In the Russian Empire, he arrived with his parents in the 70s. 19th century. Russian citizenship received in 1893

He graduated from the 3rd Kharkov Classical Gymnasium ( 1888 ) and the Imperial Kharkov University ( 1892 ). The pupil of the famous Russian astronomer G. Levitsky ( 1852 - 1918 ).

He worked as a lecturer at the Astronomy Department of the Imperial Kharkov University and as an observer at his astronomical observatory ( 1892 - 1897 ), where he photographed sunspots and prominences on the Sun , and also took part in the expedition of the Russian Astronomical Society to observe a total solar eclipse in Finland on July 28 ( August 9 ), 1896 of the year. Then, as a scholar of the Russian Ministry of Education, he worked at an astronomical observatory in Yuryev ( Dorpat , now Tartu ) in Estonia ( 1897 - 1899 ). Then, as an astronomer, a geodesist, he took part in the Russian-Swedish degree expedition to the Svalbard archipelago ( 1899 - 1901 ). There during the wintering of 1899 - 1900 . Received with the help of a small high-aperture camera with a Carl Zeiss Planar T * 110 mm F 3.6 lens and a Otto Toepfer & Sohn spectrograph one of the world's first photographs and spectra of auroras , some lines of which were correctly interpreted as nitrogen lines. At the same time, he established the connection of auroras with magnetic disturbances. After returning, he worked again in Yuriev , where he took the first photos of meteors ( 1901 ). Then he photographed the aurora on the Kola Peninsula ( 1901-1905 ) and defended his doctoral dissertation at the University of Tartu ( 1902 ). Then he worked at the Tashkent Observatory ( 1905 - 1911 ) and head of evening courses at the Tashkent Women's High School (now Uzbekistan ). In Tashkent, he photographed sunspots , meteors and comets , in particular, on August 11, 1909 he received the first snapshot of one meteor from three points and photographs of comets Daniel (C / 1907 L2), Morehouse (C / 1908 R1), Big January comet 1910 . (C / 1910 A1) and Halley's comet 1910 (1P / Halley), observed the passage of the planet Mercury ( 1907 ) and Halley's comet ( 1910 r.) In front of the solar disk and the optical phenomena caused by the Tungus event of 1908 , conducted seismic studies, investigated the remains of an astronomical observatory of the world famous Uzbek astronomer Mohammed and Taragay Ulugbek ( 1394-1449 ) in Samarkand , etc. He had a summer internship at the observatory after the first year of a student at the FMF of the Imperial Kharkov University . Mr. Fesenkov ( 1889 - 1972 ), the future prominent Russian astronomer , academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences , with whom, for example, on the night of June 30 to July 1, 1908 , observed intense "uniform lead-pale" sky glow caused by the Tungus catastrophe .

He was also a professor of physics , inspector of the gymnasium in Siauliai in Lithuania ( 1911 - 1912 ), director of the gymnasium in Sandomierz ( 1912 - 1913 ) and the Industrial Manufacturing School in Lodz ( 1913 - 1917 ) in Poland . In the summer of 1913 , he organized a successful excursion to 25 pupils of the Warsaw School District to Siberia and Japan . Because of the events of the First World War , the Industrial Manufacturing School was evacuated from Lodz to Ivanovo-Voznesensk and reorganized into a polytechnic school ( 1917-1918 ), which it also led. Subsequently he taught at the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Polytechnic Institute ( 1918 ) and at the department of astronomy and geodesy at Perm University ( 1919 ). In early 1920 , he worked as a seismologist at the Yekaterinburg Magnetic Meteorological Observatory, and then taught at the Department of Astronomy at Kharkov University ( 1920-1921 ).

In September 1921 he re-emigrated to Czechoslovakia , where on April 13, 1922 he received a so-called. house law in his native Chrudim, and in December of the same year citizenship. He worked in the offices of the Czechoslovak State Astronomical Observatory Clementinum in Prague ( June 1, 1922 ), Staraya Dyala ( 1922 ; now Hurbanovo in the Slovak Republic ) and Ondřejov (from 1923 ), where he continued photographing meteors, the first picture of which he received on August 9 1925 , studied the Sun , organized an independent expedition to observe a total solar eclipse in Finland on June 29, 1927 , and taught at the Russian Institute in Prague . Among his students was in 1921 - 1924 . a former student of the astronomical department of the Kharkov University ( 1917-1919 ), later the future famous American astrophysicist N. Bobrovnikov ( 1896-1988 ).

He was a member of the Czech Astronomical Society and initiated the founding of the meteor section, as well as a member of Commission No. 22 “Meteors, meteorites and interplanetary dust” of the International Astronomical Union ( 1928 - 1934 ).

He lived in Obeshlovoy villa (Frichova str., Number 146) in Ondrzheiov. He died in the hospital Benešov , buried in Ondrzheiov local cemetery (grave number 228).

Author and co-author of more than 80 scientific papers, including ephemeris , observation results, guidelines and reports that were published in reputable Russian, Czech and foreign scientific journals or published in separate editions. In Czechoslovakia, he also issued his photographs of astronomical objects on postcards, for example. Morehaus' comet, which he photographed on November 14, 1908 in Tashkent . In addition to scientific papers, he wrote popular science articles and messages for Czech newspapers, which he also illustrated with his photographs of astronomical objects. He is one of the Czech translators of the book of the Russian émigré scholar in Prague , a former professor at Moscow University . Stratonova ( 1869 - 1932 ) "" Astronomie "" ( Prague , 1927. 639 p.).

Sikora sent some of his publications to the Czech Emperor Frantiska-Josef Academy of Sciences, Literature and the Arts (CHANSM). This is evidenced by the letter-response CHANSM dated 10.03.1899, addressed to J. Sykore in Kharkiv , with gratitude for the references of the publications “Beobachtungen von Sonnenflecken und Protuberanzen in den Jahre 1897 und Vertheilung derselben nach Breite und Lange” and “Les protubérances solaires observées en 1897 à l'observatoire de Charkow. The letter was signed by the head of the Academy, Josef Hlavka ( 1831-1908 ), an outstanding Czech architect and philanthropist .

For outstanding contributions to the study of Svalbard his name was still in 1901 was named the glacier "Sykora" , Norwegian. Sykorabreen , 6.7 km long, on the eastern coast of the Circa Land, in the south of the West Spitsbergen Island ( Spitsbergen Archipelago , Norway ) and the small island of Sykora (Litke Island Group, the Nordenskiöld Archipelago, the Kara Sea ).

The Russian encyclopedias from the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary and the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (2nd ed.) Recall the scientific achievements of the scientist. More about them is written in the scientific works of famous Russian, Estonian and Czech astronomers S. Glazenap ( 1848 - 1937 ), M. N. Evdokimov ( 1868 - 1941 ), A. S. Vasilyeva ( 1868 - 1947 ), A. Gansky ( 1870-1908 ), B.N. Ostashchenko-Kudryavtsev ( 1876-1956 ), V.G. Fesenkova, B.A. Vorontsov-Veliyaminov ( 1904-1994 ), I. Astapovich ( 1908-1976 ), G.A. Zhelnina ( 1910 - 1985 ), V. A. Bronshten ( 1918 - 2004 ) and others. Interest in the scientific heritage of the scientist does not disappear in our time. No wonder he recalled his scientific achievements of the modern Czech astronomer Jiri Grigar in his book “Co daly naše země Evropě a lidstvu” (Prague, 2000). In the Russian Federation, the results of photographing auroras by J. Sikora are investigated by the staff of the Polar Geophysical Institute of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences ( Murmansk ).

• On the change in the diameter of the Sun depending on the phenomena observed on its surface. Publ. der Charkower Univ. Sternw. 4 (1897)
• A brief review of articles published in the Journal of Italian Spectroscopists for 1896. Izv. Russian an astron about-va. 6, No. 3, P. 149–156 (1897)
• Expedition to the headwaters of the Muonio River to observe a total solar eclipse on July 28 (Aug. 9), 1896. Izv. Russian geogr. about-va. 32, p. 411–439 (1897)
• Various manifestations of the physical life of the Sun during an eclipse of July 28, 1896. Izv. Russian an astron about-va. - VI, No. 8–9, P. 422–427 (1898)
• Photographing the Sun and the phenomena on it. Photographic Yearbook P. M. Dementieva. Year 7th. - SPb, 1898. P. 51–62.
• Sur la Photographie du Specter de l'Aurore Boreale . Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St.-Petersbourg 11, 9, 1–9 (1901)
• Die Wellenlängen der photographisch erhaltenen Linien des Nordlichtspectrum . Astronomische Nachrichten, 156, 326 (1901)
• Observations Directes et Photographies des Aurores Boreales . Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St.-Petersburg, 14, 5, 1–50 (1903)

• VORONTSOV-VELYAMINOV B. А. Sketches of history by astronomers in Russia. - Moscow: State. publishing house tekhn. lit., 1956. - 372 s.
• HS [= SLOUKA H.]. Sýkora Josef. - In the book: Ottův slovník naučný nové doby. - Díl 6/1. - Praha, 1940. - S. 637.
• HISTORICKÝ ARCHÍV ASTRONOMICKÉ OBSERVATOŘE ONDŘEJOV, A10 - Osobní složka Professors. Josefa Sýkory.
• Glazenap S.N. Friends and lovers of astronomers. - Ed. 3rd, add. and pererabat. edited by B.A. Vorontsov-Vel'yaminov. - Moscow-Leningrad: ONT, 1936. - 253 p.
• GUTH V. Za profesorem Sýkorou: [nekrolog] // Říše hvězd (Prague). - Roč. 25 (1944). - Č. 3. - S. 85-86.
• GUTH Vl. Professors J. Sykora // Říše hvězd (Prague). - Roč. 21 (1940). - Č. 3. - S. 67-68.
• DRBAL A. Famous Russian and Czech astronomer Josef Sikora (1870-1944) // Modern achievements of geodesic science and production: Collection of scientific works of the Western geodesic society UTGK (Lviv). - ISSN 0130-1039 . - 2012. - Vol. II (24). - p. 20-26.
• DRBAL A. Ruský a český astronom Josef Sýkora (1870-1944). - In: Z dějin geodezie a kartografie 16 / Red. Antonín Švejda. - ISSN 0232-0916 . - Praha: NTM, 2012. - S. 17-30. - (Rozpravy Národního technického muzea v Praze; Čís. 208).
• DRBAL A., NEJEDLÝ V. Významný ruský a český astronom Josef Sýkora (1870-1944): [Prezentace] / XXXII. symposium "Z dějin geodezie a kartografie", Národní technické muzeum, Praha 30. 11. 2011. - Zdiby: VÚGTK, 2011. - 1 CD.
• EFIMOV PI. Russian degree measurement on Svalbard in 1899-1902 - Moscow: Geodesyzdat, 1958. - 84 p.
• ŽELNIN G. Tartu Observatoorium 1805-1948. - Tartu: Observatoriumi Virtuaalne Muuseum, 2004. - 91 s.
• Mikhailov Y. A. Svalbard Archipelago - the intersection of events and destinies. - Moscow: the Scientific world, 2004. - 222 p.
• ONOPRIENKO V.I. The Call of High Latitudes: Northern Expeditions of FN Chernyshov. - Moscow: Thought, 1989. - 221, [2] c. - (Wonderful geographers and travelers).
• ORHEIM O., HOEL A. The place names of Svalbard. - Tromso: Norwegian Polar Institute, 2003. - 537 p. - ISBN 82-7666-194-7 .
• POSPÍŠIL A. Československá duševní armáda na Rusi // Naše zahraničí (Prague). - Roč. 7 (1926). - Č. 4. - S. 202.
• Savatyugin L. M., Dorozhkina N. Spitsbergen Archipelago. Russian names and titles. - St. Petersburg: Science, 2009. - 272 p. - ISBN 978-5-02-025388-9 .
• Fesenkov V. G. Tunguska phenomenon of 1908 // Earth and Universe (Moscow). - ISSN 0044-3948 . - 1968. - № 3. - p. 5, 9.

• Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fond 543 - Personal Archive of N. A. Morozov, Inventory 4, Case No. 1696 - Sikora Joseph. Astronomer, professor
• Bronshten V. А. Meteors, meteorites, meteoroids. - Moscow: Science, 1987. - 173 p.
• WSCHODNIE WYBRZEŻE SPITSBERGENU - lodowce Hambergbreen i Sykorabreen (not available link)
• GÅSHAMNA (76 ° 57 'N, 15 ° 52' W) / Bjørn Fossli Johansen (red.), Jørn Henriksen, Øystein Overrein, Kristin Prestvold; The Norwegian Polar Institute
• GRYGAR J. Česká astronomie a astrofyzika ve XX. století. - In: CO DALY NAŠE ZEMĚ EVROPĚ A LIDSTVU. - III. část. - Praha: Evropský literární klub, 2000. - S. 328-342
• 200 years of astronomers at Kharkov University / Ed. prof. Yu. G. Shkuratova. - Kharkov: KNU them. V.N. Karazin, 2008. - 632 p. - ISBN 978-966-623-473-8
• Drbal A. Famous Russian and Czech astronomer Joseph Sikora (1870-1944) // Modern achievements of geodesic science and production: Collection of scientific works of the Western geodesic society UTGK (Lviv). - ISSN [//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0130-1039 0130-1039. - 2012. - Vol. II (24). - p. 20-26]
• ŽELNIN G. Tartu observatoorium 1805-1948. - Tartu: Observatoriumi Virtuaalne Muuseum, 2004. - 91 s.
• Sign "Degree measurements on a. Svalbard
• Sikora Iosif Iosifovich / Astronomers: Biographical guide
• Sikora Iosif Iosifovich / Polar Mail
• CHERNOUSS SA, SANDAHL I. Comparison of Spitsbergen in Russia 1899-1900 // Annales Geophysicae. - ISSN [//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2 Terrain992-7689 0992-7689. - Vol. 26 (2008). - P. 1127-1140]
• Cheronovus SA, STARKOV GV, YEVLASHIN LS The World Complex in the Arctic in 1899-1900 // Annales Geophysicae. - ISSN [//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2 Terrain992-7689 0992-7689. - Vol. 23 (2005). - P. 1523-1531]