Kvyatkovskaya, Julia Alexandrovna

Born in the family of the Polish nobleman Alexander Kwiatkowski ( Polish. Kwiatkowski ) and Apollinaria Timofeevna (nee Borovkova; 1822, Tomsk - 1890, Chisinau), the daughter of one of the founders of the first gold mines in the Yenisei province. She studied at the Krasnoyarsk gymnasium, then Julia's mother moved from the taiga with her three youngest daughters to Tomsk , where the girl continued her studies at the Mariinsky Gymnasium ^[5] . The trustee of the gymnasium was I. D. Astashev , a distant relative of the Kvyatkovsky ^[6] . After graduating from high school, Kvyatkovskaya broke up with her family and left for St. Petersburg ^[7] .

In the II half of the 1870s, she studied at female medical courses at the Nikolaev Military Hospital in St. Petersburg ^[8] . In the fall of 1880, she maintained contacts with the St. Petersburg Narodnaya Volya, to whom she handed over letters from the 16 participants in the custody; consisted in correspondence and had meetings with brother Alexander Kvyatkovsky , subsequently hanged. Thanks to Vera Figner , several letters from her brother to her sister were preserved, which were later published in the journal “Hard labor and exile” ^[9] . According to a denunciation, she was expelled from St. Petersburg to her homeland in Tomsk .

Yulia Kvyatkovskaya in 1885 ^[10] graduated from medical courses at the Nikolaev military hospital. In the courses, she reduces acquaintance with Maria Pavlovna Rashkovich , which grew into a sincere friendship, which lasted until the end of her life ^[7] .

Since 1886, for a year and a half, she worked as a paramedic and a district doctor in the inter-district Petrovsky hospital of the Moscow provincial zemstvo ^[11] . Here in 1883, one of the first Zemstvo female doctors, Alexandra Gavrilovna Arkhangelskaya , opened a hospital and treated patients with surgical and eye diseases.

For some time, Kvyatkovskaya worked in the Konstantinograd Zemsky Hospital ^{[12] of the} Poltava Province .

From 1889 to 1893 she worked as a doctor in the Kherson provincial zemstvo under the guidance of the provincial doctor M.S. Uvarova ^[13] .

In 1893, the Bessarabian provincial sanitary doctor A. V. Chepurkovsky invited Kvyatkovskaya to work in Chisinau ^[14] .

Influenced by the ideas of Ilya Mechnikov , who helped doctors in Bessarabia get training in the field of rabies and smallpox, A.V. Korchak-Chepurkovsky and Yu.A. Kvyatkovskaya organized a private smallpox calf in Chisinau in 1893, which marked the beginning of the vaccination in Moldova ^{[15 ]} . Julia Alexandrovna was the first female doctor in Chisinau ^[16] . In 1894, she organized a private eye clinic in the city, and in 1896 established the only ophthalmologic clinic in Bessarabia with 10 beds ^[17], in the hospital of which she performed complex operations ^[18] . Treatment of patients was paid, only later 3 free beds were allocated at the expense of the Guardianship for the Blind . In the years 1899-1903 Kvyatkovskaya received more than 12 thousand outpatients and 899 inpatients ^[19] - the hospital served not only the Bessarabian province , but also the nearby counties of neighboring provinces ^[20] . In her report for 4 years, Kvyatkovskaya made a detailed analysis of patients by estate, age, nationality, occupation, and then the analysis of diseases by anatomical grounds ^[21] .

Kvyatkovskaya is one of the participants in the organization of a Sunday school for workers, which collaborated with a free public reading library. From 1897 until its closure in 1909 ^[22], Julia Alexandrovna was a member of the library council and was the treasurer of this library, supplied it with illegal literature ^[23] . The delivery of illegal literature from abroad through Romania was led by the Social Democrat A. A. Kvyatkovsky ^[24] . In 1899 he was deported to Chisinau , where he participated in the printing and distribution of Iskra . One of the obvious addresses in Chisinau was the eye clinic of his own aunt, Yu. A. Kvyatkovskaya ^[25] , to which he was attached from a very early childhood, when his three-year-old child was with his grandfather in gold mines in Siberia ^[26] .

Kvyatkovskaya was an active participant in the Chisinau organization of the RSDLP ^[27] , was a member of the illegal Red Cross Society in Nizhny Novgorod ^[28] . She provided great assistance in transporting Bolshevik literature, supported the work of the first Russian printing house of the Iskra newspaper in Chisinau ^[29] .

In 1909, Kvyatkovskaya published an article “Rupture of the sclera with a subconjunctival dislocation of the lens in the only sighted eye”: she removed the lens three months after the injury, the visual acuity was corrected to 0.2 ^[30] . In the summer of 1916, due to a conflict with the Board of Trustees of the Eye Clinic, Kvyatkovskaya was forced to abandon the head of the eye clinic ^[31] .

During the First World War, she headed the front of the eye department of the surgical detachment of the All - Russian Zemstvo Union , authorized by A.K. Schmidt , who worked with the 14th artillery division ^[32] . In the fall of 1916, she headed the medical team in Targu Ocna , Barla and Bacau , and was a doctor during the fighting in Marasesti ^[33] .

In October 1917, Julia Kvyatkovskaya was elected a member of the Chisinau City Council ^[34] . More than ten sanitary-medical and charitable institutions, a school department ^[35] went under its direction.

During the Great Patriotic War Yu.A. Kvyatkovskaya got involved in anti-fascist activities and saved Jewish young children whose parents became prisoners of the Chisinau ghetto ^[36] .

After the liberation of Chisinau, Yu. A. Kvyatkovskaya, despite her advanced age, conducted medical and recreational work among the population ^[37] , engaged in viticulture, and kept an orchard ^[38] .

In 1950, Julia Alexandrovna handed over revolutionary literature to the Republican Library , which, after the library was closed in 1909, was hidden in her apartment and stored there for more than 40 years. It is noteworthy that some of these books were from the collection of her nephew, Alexander Kvyatkovsky , as described by his autographs on the title pages ^[39] .

She died on December 25, 1951 ^[7] .

• German square
• Leovskaya street, 73 ^[16]
• Podolskaya street, 68
• Leovskaya and Pushkinskaya streets - Tverdokhlebov’s house

• Brother - Narodovolets Alexander Alexandrovich Kvyatkovsky .
• Nephew - Alexander Alexandrovich Kvyatkovsky .
• Daughter - Sofia Andreevna Boreisho .

• Report on the Kherson provincial zemsky smallpox calf in 1889 and on smallpox in the province / Compiled by Yu. A. Kvyatkovskaya; Kherson provincial zemsky smallpox calf. - Kherson, 1890.
• Report of an eye clinic in Chisinau, Bessarabian province. for 4 years (from May 20, 1899 to October 1, 1903). Doctor Yu. A. Kvyatkovskaya. M .: Partnership early typography A. A. Levenson. 1904. 18 p.
• Bulletin of Ophthalmology. 1904.V.21. No. 2. S. 322-339.
• Kvyatkovskaya Yu. A. Rupture of the sclera with subconjunctival dislocation of the lens in the only sighted eye ”// Bulletin of Ophthalmology. 1909.V.26. No. 5. S. 398-401.
• Memoirs of doctors Julia Al. Kvyatkovskaya and Maria P. Rashkovich and brief biographies of N. A. and S. P. Doroshevsky , E. P. Dzhunkovsky and E. I. Christie-Sitsinsky. Paris, 1937.

• Eye Clinic Yu. Kvyatkovskaya at the Oldchisinau forum .