Leaflets

Leafworms are characterized by the following features: antennae are bristle-shaped, in males finely ciliate; Proboscis short, spiral, sometimes underdeveloped ( Exapate Hbn. ), without tentacles; jaw tentacles 3-segmented, slightly protruding, with the longest middle segment. Wings at rest folded roof-shaped, upper sometimes elongated-triangular; often, the wings expand at the base and then are almost quadrangular, with 12 veins, of which one is intracranial, bifurcated to the base. The hind wings are wide, triangular, with a claw with 6 or 7 longitudinal veins and 3 intracranial, of which the middle one forks splits into a fork. Caterpillars of the leaflet are 16-legged, almost naked, with sparse scattered hairs, often sitting on black elevated points, with a brown or black head, occipital and supra-caudal shields; yellowish or pinkish white or greenish. Pellets of the abdomen in pupae with belts of hooks. The caterpillars of most leafworms feed on the leaves of different plants, and they pull together cobwebbed leaves into tubes or bunches, inside of which they hide (hence the name of the family); worried, they jump out and hang on cobwebs in the air.

In biological terms, only two genera were well isolated: codling moths ( Carpocapsa ), all of which grow in deciduous plants, and shoots ( Retinia ), whose caterpillars (with the exception of two species) live in buds and shoots of conifers ; in addition, species of the genus Teras almost all develop at the expense of leaves of woody and herbaceous plants, not found on conifers.

Leafworms of other genera find food in almost all parts of the plant, from flowers and flower buds to roots . So, the caterpillars of Paedisca immundana F. live in alder catkins , bilunana Hw. - in birch catkins , tripunctana WV - in rose buds, Semasia conterminana HS - in Lactuca flowers ( Grapholitha rufiliana Dbld. - in Dipsacus seeds, Grapholitha funebrana Fr. - in plum fruits, Steganoptycha aceriana Dp. - in poplar corolla, Graph . - in the branches of aspen , Paedisca foenana Fr. - in the stems and roots of Artemisia ; under the bark of trees: Grapholitha Woeberiana WV - on fruit, Grapholitha argyrana N. - on oaks , Grapholitha regiana Zll . - on maples ; finally, Grapholitha fimbriana HW - in rotten oak wood.Of the most harmful on the farm, the most famous are those that attack tree species and cause devastation, sometimes appearing in countless numbers . stock companies in gardens and forests in field as a few species are known to be harmful: Cochylis epilinana Zll, a caterpillar that lives in the heads. flax , and three kinds of Grapholitha:.. nebritana Fr., tenebrosana Dp and dorsana Fbr, living in the fruits of peas . In gardening most harmful species that attack grapes ; of them in the first place is the biennial leaflet ( Cochylis ambiquella Hbn. ). Small, about 8 mm long, butterfly; the fore wings are straw-yellow, shiny, in the middle with a wide transverse dark brown strip and at the edges with shiny whitish spots. Flies in May in the evenings; lays up to 150 testicles (white, flat below) on young shoots of vines. The meat-red caterpillar, up to 1 cm long, feeds on buds, flowers and young berries , braiding and pulling them into bunches of cobwebs, is also embedded in the shoot stem or brush, and the latter dry out. At the end of June, pupates in a cocoon in a folded leaf, or between the stalks, or under the bark and in the cracks of grape stamens. Two weeks later, new butterflies fly out and lay eggs on the grapes or their legs. The newly released caterpillars live inside the berries, moving from one to another and throwing out the litter out of them. For pupation descends to the ground; pupa hibernates in a cocoon covered with a thin layer of earth.

Likewise, Chrosis botrana WV lives and harms with olive-brown wings and a yellowish-white wide transverse stripe. The caterpillar is dirty green.

Tortrix (Oenophthira), Pilleriana WV ( Pyralis vitana Fbr. ), About 1 cm in length; fore wings yellow, sometimes greenish with a metallic sheen, with two rusty transverse oblique stripes. Caterpillar up to 2 cm long, dirty green, with a brown tint and three longitudinal stripes. Years in August; eggs are laid in clusters on the upper side of vine leaves; caterpillars hatch in September and, without feeding, go for wintering under the bark of a vine or in the crevice of the stamens, where each hides in a special cocoon; in the spring they feed on herbs, for example. thistle, Stachys germanica , Myrica gale , etc., then attack the buds, blossoming leaves and flowers of grapes, braid them with cobwebs and eat around; pupate here at the end of June. She caused the famous devastation of Champagne vineyards in the 1960s; the ancient Greeks was known by the name Greek. καμπη , for the Romans - convolvulus and involvulus .

Other fruit trees are sometimes significantly damaged by several species of Teras , such as, for example, Holmiana L. and variegana WV , especially the first, which often eats plum leaves in Crimea . Penthina pruniana Hb is also harmful . , the greenish-yellow caterpillars of which are eaten in early spring in the buds of plums, cherries and thorns, gnaw the ends of the shoots and twist the leafy leaves that they eat, which they eat, among which pupate at the end of April. In May, butterflies fly out, up to 1 cm long, interesting, among other things, in the state of rest, with folded wings, reminiscent of the color of a lump of dry stool of small birds; main half of fore wing bluish-black with brown spots, outer yellowish-white with grayish spots, apex pure black. Eggs are laid one at a time, near the kidneys. Penthina cynosbatella L. and Tmetocera ocellana WV eat out the flower buds of various fruit trees. Teras Forskaleana L. attacks rose leaves.

The family of leafworms includes more than 1000 genera and 10,000 species ^[3] .

• Tortricinae Latreille, 1803
  • Phricanthini Diakonoff, 1981 (Phricanthini)
  • Tortricini Latreille, 1803
  • Schoenotenini Diakonoff, 1952 (Schoenotenidae)
  • Cochylini Guene, 1845
  • Cnephasiini Stainton, [1858] (Cnephasidae)
  • Archipini Pierce & Metcalfe, 1922
  • Epitymbiini Common, 1958
  • Sparganothini Druce, 1912
  • Atteriini Busck, 1932
  • Euliini Kuznetsov & Stekolnikov, 1977
  • Ceracini Cotes and Swinhoe, 1889
• Chlidanotinae Meyrick, 1906 (Chlidanotidae)
  • Polyorthini Obraztsov, 1966
  • Chlidanotini Meyrick, 1906 (Chlidanotidae)
  • Hilarographini Diakonoff, 1977
• Olethreutinae Walsingham, 1895
  • Microcorsini Kuznetsov, 1970
  • Gatesclarkeanini Diakonoff, 1973
  • Endotheniini Diakonoff, 1973
  • Bactrini Falkovitsh , 1962
  • Olethreutini Walsingham, 1895
  • Enarmoniini Diakonoff, 1953
  • Eucosmini Meyrick, 1909 (Eucosmidae)
  • Grapholitini Guene, 1845

• List of Tortricidae genera

• Shevyrev I. Ya. Listovertki // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Christopher O'Toole. Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. - 2002. - ISBN 1-55297-612-2 .