Unno (also known as Onno and Malvin ; West Frieze. Unno , lat. Hunno and Malvin ; died no earlier than 793 ) - ruler of the Frisian Rüstringen at the end of the VIII century.
| Unno | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| west frieze. Unno | |||||||
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| Birth | 8th century | ||||||
| Death | not earlier than 793 | ||||||
1869 Book Thumbnail
Biography
Unno is known from the only early medieval historical source : “The Lives of St. Ludger ” written by Altfried Munster in the 840s [1] . The Franco-Frisian relations of the last third of the VIII century are also reported in the [2] [3] .
About the origin and early life of Unno information was not preserved. From the life of St. Ludger it is known that Unno was one of the most influential representatives of the Frisian nobility of his time. Another noble frieze, a former associate of Unno in all his deeds, the Frankish annals call Eilrad . It is not known exactly what positions these two figures held among their fellow tribesmen: in Altfrid's work they are endowed with the titles of "most distinguished" ( lat. Principes ). Unno and Eilrad ruled over at least the Frisian communities of Rüstringen, and possibly all of East Frisia . From the first half of the 770s, all these lands were subordinate to the ruler of the Frankish state , Charlemagne [3] [4] .
Although the first dated evidence of Unno and Eilrad dates back to the 790s, it is assumed that they could be at the head of the Eastern Frisians already in the first half of the 780s. Modern historians attribute to them the initiative of joining the Frisians to the uprising that swept in 782–785. However, the successes of Charlemagne in military operations against the Saxons of Vidukind , as well as the repressions that fell on the Friezes themselves, forced the rebels to reconcile with the Franks' power over themselves. Unno and Eilrad were probably among those representatives of the Frisian nobility who, at the request of Charlemagne, renounced their pagan beliefs and were baptized . In exchange, the Frankish ruler retained the right to all their possessions and privileges [5] [6] [7] for the Frisians again recognizing his power.
There is no information in medieval sources about how Unno perceived the French-supported Christianization of Frisia, carried out by Ludger and his associates. Probably, like the rest of the friezes, Unno was forced to hide his negative attitude towards this process. Relations between the Frisians and Franks worsened significantly in the early 790s. The reason for such strong discontent of the Frisians was their forcible mobilization into the Frankish army for a with the Avar Kaganate . As a result, in the lands of Frisia, located east of the River Lauers , in 792 an anti-Frank rebellion arose, the instigators of which were Unno and Eilrad. At the same time, the Saxons and encouraged opposed the Franks. The rebellion swept over vast territories in the basins of the Lauers, Ems , Weser, and Elba [3] [5] [7] [8] basins.
The uprising was accompanied by a massive return of the Frisians to paganism. Most of the churches in Frisia were destroyed, many of their parishioners were killed, and Christian preachers persecuted by the rebels, led by Ludger, fled to the calmer areas of the Frankish state. At the end of 792, the Frisians even managed to defeat the Frankish army under the command of Count Theodorich , who fell on the battlefield. However, despite the initial success of the uprising in Frisia, already in 793 it was crushed by the Franks, who made a trip to the River Lauers. At the behest of Charlemagne, a large number of Frisians were resettled in other areas of the Frankish state. The Frisians lost a significant part of their privileges, and the lands they inhabited were turned into a Frankish province [3] [5] [6] [8] [9] [10] .
Although the active resistance of the Saxons to Frankish aggression continued until 797, no military actions of the Franks against the Frisians after 793 are reported in the annals. This is probably due to the submission of most of the Frisians to the power of the Franks. About the fate of Unno after this time, information in historical sources has not been preserved [3] [5] .
Notes
- ↑ Altfried of Münster . The Life of St. Ludger (Book I, Chapter 22).
- ↑ Lorsch Annals (years 792 and 797); Wolfenbuttel Annals (year 792); Annals of the Kingdom of the Franks (years 782 and 793); Alamannian Annals (year 792); Moselle Annals (year 791); Chronicle of Moissac (year 797); Astronomer . (chapter 24).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Rembold I. Conquest and Christianization . - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 2017 .-- P. 42-44. - ISBN 978-1-1071-9621-6 .
- ↑ Blockmans WP, Pleij H. Nederland van prehistorie tot Beeldenstorm . - Bakker, 2007 .-- P. 76.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Halbertsma H. The Frisian Kingdom // Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek. - DANS, 1966. - Vol. 15-16. - P. 76.
- ↑ 1 2 Halbertsma H. Frieslands oudheid: het rijk van de Friese koningen, opkomst en ondergang . - Utrecht: Matrijs, 2000 .-- P. 310. - ISBN 978-9-0534-5167-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 Martin M. City of the Sun: Development and Popular Resistance in the Pre-Modern West . - NY: Algora Publishing, 2017 .-- P. 180. - ISBN 978-1-6289-4281-1 .
- ↑ 1 2 Hagermann D. Charlemagne. - M .: LLC "Publishing house AST": CJSC NPP "Ermak", 2003. - S. 309-310. - ISBN 5-17-018682-7 .
- ↑ Etudes sur l'histoire de Paris et de I'Ile-de-France . - P .: Bibliothèque nationale, 1975 .-- T. 2 .-- P. 63.
- ↑ Lewandowski A.P. Charles the Great. Through the Empire to Europe. - M .: Companion, 1995 .-- S. 64 and 248-249. - ISBN 5-87883-014-0 .
Literature
- Borisov G.I. Liudger // Orthodox Encyclopedia . - M .: Church and Scientific Center "Orthodox Encyclopedia" , 2016. - T. XLI. - S. 296-299. - 752 s. - 30,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-89572-021-9 .
- Altfridus Die Vitae Sancti Liudgeri / Diekamp W. - Münster: Theissing, 1881 .-- S. 27.