Satirides [2] [3] [4] [5] or marigolds [6] [7] [2] or satires [7] ( lat. Satyridae ) are a family of [8] day butterflies . Worldwide distribution. There are about 2400 species in the world fauna [9] , about 350 in the Palaearctic.
| Satirids | ||||||||||||||
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 Ox eye ( Maniola jurtina ) | ||||||||||||||
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| Satyridae Boisduval , 1833 | ||||||||||||||
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Elymniini |
Content
Systematics
The systematic position of this group of Lepidoptera is debatable. A number of entomologists include this taxon as a subfamily in the Nimfalida family - it is in this rank that the representatives of this group in foreign literature are considered. On the territory of the countries of the former USSR , according to the traditional systematics, on the basis of the characteristic recognizable appearance and features of the morphology of the genitalia of the males behind this group of butterflies retain the status of a family [8] [7] .
Description
Small or medium-sized butterflies with broad rounded wings. The color is predominantly brown, brown, gray, yellowish-orange, ocher-yellow. The representatives of the genus Melanargia drawing consists of black and white areas. A number of tropical species has a bright color, and the wings of butterflies of the genus Cithaerias from South America have lost their scales and become transparent, only on the rear wings the “eyes” typical of satyrs remain [10] .
The front wings are triangular in shape, wide, with an arcuate curved costal margin, the outer edge is convex, and anal - straight. Hind wings rounded oval, sometimes with wavy external and concave anal edges. The venation has a number of characteristic features: on the front wing, 1, 2, or 3 veins are more or less sharply swollen at the base. Veins R3, R4 and R5 branch off from the common trunk, R4 goes to the top of the wing, and R5 - to the outer edge; the central cell on both wings is closed, the vein D on the front wing with a characteristic sharp bend toward the wing root [11] . Sexual dimorphism is weak. Characteristic elements of the wing pattern are oculate spots located in cells M1 - M2 and Cu1 - Cu2 of the front wing and in the form of a more or less complete row on the rear wing [11] [2] .
Sexual dimorphism in most species is weak. Androconial scales elongated, gradually tapering to the filiform top, form more or less noticeable velvety fields in the central region of the front wing from above.
The head is rounded. Eyes are bare or hairy. Antennae claviform or capitate. The front legs, both in males and females, are underdeveloped and do not function when walking. The middle and hind legs are fully developed, the legs with a pair of spurs, and the legs with strongly developed claws [11] [2] .
The caterpillars are mostly green, with longitudinal masking stripes. Caterpillars feed on monocots , mainly on cereals and sedges .
Area
There are about 2400 species in the world fauna, about 350 species live in the Palaearctic [2] , about 200 species on the territory of the former USSR , 56 species in the Caucasus [11] .
They inhabit various biotopes, from alpine regions and arctic regions to steppe regions and meadows of various types. Some species live in the shade of a forest canopy and do not leave woodlands. Some tropical species are active mainly at dusk and at night.
Ecology
A kind of “jumping” flight makes it difficult for birds to chase butterflies. In addition, they have a protective color.
List of tribes and clans
Tribe Elymniini
Subtribe Parargina (Lethina).
- Aphysoneura Karsch, 1894
- Chonala Moore, 1893
- Enodia Hübner , 1819
- Hanipha Moore, 1880
- Kirinia Moore, 1893 - includes genus Esperarge
- Buroglazki Lasiommata Westwood, 1841
- Forest marigold Lethe
- Yellow Eyes Lopinga Moore, 1893
- Mandarinia Leech, 1892
- Neope Moore, 1866
- Ninguta Moore, 1892
- Nosea Koiwaya, 1993
- Orinoma Gray, 1846
- Landscapes Pararge Hübner, 1819
- Ptychandra C. & R. Felder, 1861
- Rhaphicera Butler, 1867
- Satyrodes Scudder, 1875
- Tatinga Moore, 1893
Subtribe Zetherina
- Callarge Leech, 1892
- Ethope Moore, 1866 - sometimes includes the genus Parargina
- Neorina Westwood, 1850 - sometimes includes in the genus Parargina
- Penthema Doubleday, 1848
- Zethera Felder, 1861
Subtribe Elymniina
- Elymnias Hübner , 1818
Subtriba Mycalesina
- Bicyclus Kirby, 1871 ( Bicyclus heathi , B. elishiae , B. sigiussidorum , B. subtilisurae )
- Bletogona C. & R. Felder, 1867
- Hallelesis Condamin, 1961
- Heteropsis Westwood, 1850 - includes the genus Admiratio , Henotesia , Houlbertia , Masoura
- Mycalesis
- Nirvanopsis - formerly Nirvana
- Orsotriaena Wallengren, 1858
- Pseudomycalesis Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1979
Tribe Eritini
- Coelites Westwood , 1850.
- Erites Westwood , 1851.
Tribe Haeterini
- Cithaerias Hübner , 1819
- Dulcedo d'Almeida, 1951
- Haetera Fabricius , 1807
- Pierella
- Pseudohaetera Brown, 1942
Tribe Melanitini
- Aeropetes Billberg , 1820
- Cyllogenes Butler , 1868
- Gnophodes Doubleday , 1849
- Manataria WF Kirby , 1902
- Melanitis Fabricius , 1807
- Paralethe van Son, 1955
- Parantirrhoea Wood-Mason , 1881
Tribe Ragadiini
- Acrophtalmia C. Felder and R. Felder 1861
- Acropolis Hemming, 1934
- Ragadia Westwood 1851
Tribe Satyrini
Subtribe Coenonymphina
- Sennitsy Coenonympha Hübner, 1819
- Lyela Swinhoe, 1908
- Triphysa Zeller, 1850
- Sinonympha Lee, 1974
Subtribe Dirina
- Dingana van Son, 1955
- Dira Hübner, 1819
- Tarsocera Butler, 1899
- Torynesis Butler, 1899
Subtribe Erebiina
- Chernushka Erebia Dalman, 1816 - includes the genus Atercoloratus
Subtribe Euptychiina
- Amphidecta Butler, 1867
- Archeuptychia Forster, 1964
- Caeruleuptychia Forster, 1964 - includes the genus Weymerana
- Capronnieria Forster, 1964
- Cepheuptychia Forster, 1964
- Cercyeuptychia Miller & Emmel, 1971
- Chloreuptychia Forster, 1964
- Cissia Doubleday, 1848 - includes the genus Pareuptychia and Vareuptychia
- Coenoptychia Le Cerf, 1919
- Coeruleotaygetis Forster, 1964
- Cyllopsis Felder, 1869
- Erichthodes Forster, 1964
- Euptychia Hübner, 1818
- Euptychoides Forster, 1964
- Forsterinaria Gray, 1973
- Godartiana Forster, 1964
- Guaianaza Freitas & Peña, 2006
- Harjesia Forster, 1964
- Hermeuptychia Forster, 1964
- Magneuptychia Forster, 1964
- Megeuptychia Forster, 1964
- Megisto Hübner , [1819]
- Moneuptychia Forster, 1964 - includes the genus Carminda
- Neonympha Hübner, 1818
- Oressinoma Doubleday, [1849]
- Palaeonympha Butler, 1871
- Paramacera Butler, 1868
- Parataygetis Forster, 1964
- Paryphthimoides Forster, 1964
- Pharneuptychia Forster, 1964
- Pindis Felder, 1869
- Posttaygetis Forster, 1964
- Praefaunula Forster, 1964
- Pseudeuptychia Forster, 1964
- Pseudodebis Forster, 1964
- Rareuptychia Forster, 1964
- Satyrotaygetis Forster, 1964
- Splendeuptychia Forster, 1964
- Taydebis Freitas, 2003
- Taygetina Forster, 1964
- Taygetis Hübner, [1819]Taygetis mermeria excavata
- Taygetomorpha Miller, 2004
- Yphthimoides Forster, 1964
- Zischkaia Forster, 1964
Hypocystina Subtribe
- Argynnina Butler, 1867
- Argyronympha Mathew, 1886
- Argyrophenga
- Dodonidia
- Erebiola
- Erycinidia Rothschild & Jordan, 1905 - includes the genus Pieridopsis
- Geitoneura Butler, 1867
- Harsiesis
- Heteronympha Wallengren, 1858 - includes genus Hipparchioides
- Hyalodia Jordan, 1924
- Hypocysta Westwood, 1851
- Lamprolenis Godman & Salvin, 1881
- Nesoxenica Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 - includes the genus Xeniconympha
- Oreixenica Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914
- Paratisiphone Watkins, 1928
- Percnodaimon
- Platypthima Rothschild & Jordan, 1905 - includes the genus Altiapa
- Tisiphone Hübner , 1819 - includes the genus Xenica
- Zipaetis Hewitson, 1863
Subtribe Maniolina
- Aphantopus Wallengren, 1853
- Cercyonis Scudder, 1875
- Hyponephele Muschamp, 1915
- Maniola Schrank, 1801
- Proterebia Roos & Arnschied, 1980
- Pyronia Hübner , 1819
Subtriba Melanargiina
- Cedar eyes , or checkered marigolds Melanargia Meigen, 1828
Subtribe Pronophilina
- Altopedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Apexacuta Pyrcz, 2004
- Argyrophorus Blanchard, 1852
- Arhuaco Adams & Bernard, 1977
- Auca
- Calisto
- Catargynnis Röber, 1892
- Cheimas Thieme, 1907
- Chillanella Herrera, 1966
- Corades Doubleday, [1849]
- Cosmosatyrus C. & R. Felder, 1867
- Daedalma Hewitson, 1858
- Dangond Adams & Bernard, 1979
- Diaphanos Adams & Bernard, 1981
- Drucina Butler, 1872
- Druphila Pyrcz, 2004
- Elina Blanchard, 1852
- Etcheverrius Herrera, 1965
- Eretris Thieme, 1905
- Eteona Doubleday, 1848
- Faunula C. & R. Felder, 1867
- Foetterleia Viloria, 2004
- Gyrocheilus Butler, 1867
- Haywardella Herrera, 1966
- Homoeonympha C. & R. Felder, 1867 - includes the genus Erebina and Stygnolepis
- Ianussiusa Pyrcz & Viloria 2004
- Idioneurula Strand, 1932
- Junea Hemming, 1964
- Lasiophila C. & R. Felder, 1859
- Lymanopoda Westwood, 1851 - includes the genus Sabatoga
- Manerebia Staudinger, 1897
- Mygona Thieme, 1907
- Nelia Hayward, 1953
- Neomaenas Wallengren, 1858 - includes the genus Spinantenna
- Neopedaliodes Viloria, Miller & Miller, 2004
- Neosatyrus Wallengren, 1858
- Oxeoschistus Butler, 1867
- Palmaris Herrera, 1965
- Pampasatyrus Hayward, 1953 - includes the genus Pseudocercyonis
- Pamperis Heimlich, 1959
- Panyapedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Paramo
- Parapedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Pedaliodes Butler, 1867
- Pherepedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Physcopedaliodes Forster, 1964 - includes the genus Antopedaliodes and Corderopedaliodes
- Praepedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Praepronophila Forster, 1964
- Proboscis
- Pronophila Doubleday, [1849]
- Protopedaliodes Viloria & Pyrcz, 1994
- Pseudomaniola Röber, 1889
- Punapedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Punargentus Heimlich, 1963
- Quilaphoetosus Herrera, 1966
- Redonda
- Sierrasteroma Adams & Bernard, 1977
- Steremnia Thieme, 1905
- Steroma Westwood, [1850]
- Steromapedaliodes Forster, 1964
- Stuardosatyrus Herrera & Etcheverry, 1965
- Tamania Prycz, 1995
- Tetraphlebia C. & R. Felder, 1867
- Thiemeia Weymer, 1912
Subtribe Satyrina
- Arethusana de Lesse, 1951
- Argestina Riley, 1923
- Aulocera Butler, 1867
- Austroypthima Holloway, 1974
- Berberia
- Boerebia Prout, 1901
- Brintesia Fruhstorfer, 1911
- Callerebia Butler, 1867
- Cassionympha van Son, 1955
- Chazara Moore, 1893
- Coenyra Hewitson, 1865
- Coenyropsis van Son, 1958
- Davidina Oberthür, 1879
- Hipparchia - includes the genus Parahipparchia
- Kanetisa Moore, 1893
- Karanasa
- Loxerebia Watkins, 1925
- Mashuna van Son, 1955
- Melampias Hübner , 1819
- Minois Hübner , 1819
- Neita van Son, 1955
- Neocoenyra Butler, 1886
- Neomaniola Hayward, 1949
- Neominois Scudder, 1875
- Oeneis Hübner , 1819 (including the Eastern swamp Aeneid ( oeneis agaskyra Korshunov et Nikolaev, 2002 ) and the Aeneid Elues ( Oeneis elwesi Staudinger, 1901 ))
- Paralasa Moore, 1893
- Paroeneis Moore, 1893
- Physcaeneura Wallengren, 1857
- Pseudochazara de Lesse, 1951
- Pseudonympha Wallengren, 1857
- Satyrus Satyrs
- Strabena Mabille, 1877
- Stygionympha van Son, 1955
- Ypthima Hübner , 1818
- Ypthimomorpha van Son, 1955
Notes
- ↑ Explore the Tree of Life
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Morgun D.V., Dovgailo K.E., Rubin N.I., Solodovnikov I.A., Plyushch I.G. Butterflies (Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea, Lepidoptera) of Eastern Europe. CD identifier, database, and Lysandra software package. - Minsk, Kiev, Moscow: 2005
- ↑ Cornelio M.P. School atlas - the determinant of butterflies. - M .: Education, 1986. - 255 p.
- ↑ A.B. Zhdanko, V.L. Cazenas. Butterflies: Nymphalidae and Satirida (type Arthropods, class Insects). Series "Animals of Kazakhstan in the photos." - Almaty, 2013. - 121 p.
- ↑ Yakhontov A.A. - Our daytime butterflies - M .; 1935;
- ↑ Gornostaev G.N. Insects of the USSR. - Moscow: Thought, 1970. - 372 p. - (Reference guides geographer and traveler).
- ↑ 1 2 3 Sochivko A.V. , Kaabak L.V. Key to butterflies of Russia. Day butterflies. - M .: Avanta +, 2012. - p. 106-107. - 320 s. - (World of encyclopedias). - 5000 copies - ISBN 978-5-98986-669-4 .
- ↑ 1 2 Kuznetsov, V.I., Stekolnikov, A.A. 2001. Comparative morphology of male genitalia in the subfamily Morphinae and Brassolinae and the recovery of fam. Satyridae, status resurr. (Lepidoptera) in new volume // Entomol. browse T. 80, no. 1. P. 121-1136.
- ↑ he Lepidoptera Taxome Project (TLTP) (2007): Taxonomy of the butterflies: the scale of the problem. Retrieved 2007-SEP-07.
- ↑ Kaabak L.V. , Sochivko A.V. Butterflies of the World. - M .: Avanta +, 2003. ISBN 5-94623-008-5
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Nekrutenko Yu.P. Day Butterflies of the Caucasus. Determinant. - Kiev, 1990. - pp. 105-106.