The Javanese language ( Basa Jawa, Basa Jawi ) is the largest Austronesian language in the number of speakers (over 75 million). It is widespread on the island of Java among Javanese , except for the western tip of the island, inhabited mainly by sundians , and a number of other regions of Indonesia and Malaysia , which were once inhabited by Javanese.
| Javanese | |
|---|---|
| Self name | Basa Jawa, Basa Jawi |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Regions | Java island (except for the western end) |
| Total number of speakers | 80-100 million |
| Rating | eleven |
| Status | |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Austronesian family
| |
| Writing | javanese letter , pegon , latin |
| Language Codes | |
| GOST 7.75–97 | Java 860 |
| ISO 639-1 | jv |
| ISO 639-2 | jav |
| ISO 639-3 | jav, jvn, jas, osi, tes |
| WALS | |
| Ethnologue | |
| ABS ASCL | |
| BPS language code | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | and |
Despite the fact that almost half of the population of Indonesia actively uses Javanese in everyday life, it, like all other local languages of the country, does not have an official status (the only official language of Indonesia is Indonesian ). At the end of the XIX - the first half of the XX century was, along with the Dutch , the official language of the Dutch East Indies .
It has a rich literary tradition with different genres of poetry and prose, many varieties of theatrical genres. The language is taught in the three lower grades of a number of schools, broadcasting, periodicals are published [1] .
Content
Phonetics
The phonemic composition consists of 6 vowels (a, i, ɛ, u, o, ə), the first five of which form pairs of positional variants (in open and closed syllables ). 20 consonants , of which 4 pairs are closable (p - b, t - d, ţ - d, k - g) and a pair of closure - passage (č - dʒ).
In verbal stress, the longitudinal (quantitative) characteristic prevails.
Morphology
The morphemic structure of the word is simple. There are a significant number of root words. Among the means of word formation are affixation , full or partial doubling of the stem . The morphological system is characterized by a small number of grammatical categories (there are no categories of gender, face, case, time). The analytical means of grammatical expression prevail over the synthetic ones. The noun has a grammatically pronounced plural form, the adjective has high and higher forms, the verb forms of pledges.
Syntax
The connection between the members of the sentence is carried out by word order and service words .
A feature of the Javanese language is its trinity. Three words correspond to each concept, depending on the style of speech . There is a language for the family and the street (Ngoko), there is a neutral language (Magya) and there is a language of banquets and diplomacy (Kromo). For example, the word “road” (Malay jalan) is pronounced in Ngoko dalan, in Madeya Margi, and in the Krai of radosan. And the word “father” sounds bapak in Malay, Ngoko and Madya, but at the Krama it will be Rama. "Our Father, Thou art in Heaven" at the Kram: "Rama Kahula hika wonten I swarga."
Social History
Formed in the early Middle Ages . Javanese literature is the oldest and richest in Indonesia. There are 3 periods in the history of the Javanese language: Old Javanese - until the XII-XIII centuries, Middle Javanese - from the XII-XIII to the XVII century, modern Javanese - from the XVII century. The oldest inscription dates back to 732, the oldest written monument - 809
Writing
Traditionally, syllabic writing (Kawi, Pallava, Javanese , also known as “ charakan ”) was used as writing , later versions of Arabic writing began to be used in parallel and from the middle of the 20th century - Latin . In the 20th century, the letter Charakan was used in the publication of certain old artistic and historical works. Currently, there is almost universal transition to the Latin alphabet, although in a number of cities in Central and East Java there is still “duplication” in many cases, in particular, in road signs, street names, and less often in local print media .
Dialects
The Banyumasan dialect of the Javanese language, used by part of the inhabitants of East Java, is often considered as a separate language, since it has developed significant differences in vocabulary and phonology .
Notes
- ↑ Bahasa Jawa - in: Pogadayev, V. Malay World (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore). Linguistic and Regional Dictionary. M.: "Eastern book", 2012, p. 78
Literature
- HumboIdt W. von. Uber die Kawi-Sprache auf der Insel Java. Bd. III. Berlin, 1839.
- Teselkin, A.S. Yavanese language, M., 1961.
- Teselkin, A.S. Ancient Javanese (Kavi). M., 1963.
- Ogloblin, A.K. Essay on the diachronic typology of Malay-Javanese languages. Publisher: Librocom, 2009. ISBN 978-5-397-00472-5