Intersexuality is a variation of sexual characteristics in humans and animals that does not fit into traditional binary representations of gender [1] . Such variations include variations in the genitals , genital glands, or chromosome set . According to experts, 0.05-1.7% of the population is born with intersex variations; the upper limit of this range approximately corresponds to the number of red-haired people . Some intersex variations — primarily anatomical ones — are detected at birth. Others become noticeable only during puberty or later [2] .
In many countries, intersex people undergo “normalizing” medical interventions, including in infancy. Such operations are performed without the consent of patients and without medical necessity [3] . They can have negative consequences for the health and well-being of intersex people [1] [3] . Various intersex variations are now considered pathologies and are included in the official lists of medical diagnoses. Moreover, their diagnoses are often hidden from intersex people themselves due to social stigma [3] . Many modern doctors, researchers and activists of the movement for the rights of intersex people indicate that in reality intersex variations are a natural manifestation of biological diversity and there is nothing essentially abnormal or painful in them [3] [4] [5] .
Compulsory treatment of intersex people today is recognized as a violation of human rights , the relevant statements are made by international [6] [7] and national organizations for human rights and ethics [8] [9] , as well as organizations of intersex people. In April 2015, Malta became the first state to prohibit medical interventions to change sexual anatomy without patient consent, including for intersex people [10] [11] .
The development of intersexuality
| The embryonic development of such an organism is called intersex, it starts normally, but from a certain moment continues like a different sex. The earlier the direction of development of an organism changes, the more sharply its intersexuality is expressed [12] . |
Zygotic (genetically determined) intersexuality
It is the result of a deviation from the norm of the set of sex chromosomes and genes at the time of fertilization when gametes are combined into a zygote . By the nature of the violation, there is triploid or another - aneuploid intersexuality. Diploid intersexuality is observed when different geographic races are crossed in an unpaired silkworm butterfly, either in females or in males, depending on the type of crossing.
Forms of intersexuality, the so-called pseudohermaphroditism in humans, can also be caused by a violation of the normal number of sex chromosomes. Moreover, in flies of Drosophila , the ratio of the number of pairs of sex chromosomes and autosomes is decisive in the development of sex, therefore, their intersexuality is usually associated with a violation of this ratio (for example, when 3A: 2X ratio is observed, three sets of autosomes for two sex chromosomes). In humans, the determining factor for male development is the presence of the Y chromosome , and traits of intersexuality are observed in men with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY sex chromosome set).
Hormonal intersexuality
If in animals the excretion of male or female hormones by the sex glands determines the development of secondary sexual characteristics, then they can observe the phenomenon of hormonal intersexuality.
If such an animal is neutered and a transplant of the sex gland of the other sex is performed, masculinization occurs or, accordingly, feminization, the body becomes intersex. With parasitic castration in crustaceans , for example, sacculina caused by parasitic crustacean, similar phenomena occur.
Documentary Films
- 2014 - Germa. Intersexuality / Herma l'Intersexuation / Herma, XXY intersex (dir. Melanie Pelletier Poirier)
- 2016 - Neither Boy nor Girl / Ni fille ni garcon (dir. Mireille Paris)
See also
- Determination of sex in humans
- Binary gender system
- Sexual dimorphism
- Hermaphroditism
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Intersex. Reference material . Free and equal. The initiative of the UN Office for Human Rights. Date of treatment September 9, 2016.
- ↑ Frequently Asked Questions . We are real: the establishment and development of the intersex human rights movement . Astraea: Lesbian Foundation for Justice. Date of treatment September 9, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Suzanne Temko. This is known only to intersex . Egalite Intersex Ukraine. Date of treatment September 9, 2016.
- ↑ Fausto-Sterling, A. The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough // The Sciences. - 1993. - S. 20-24 .
- ↑ Zderic, Stephen. Pediatric gender assignment: a critical reappraisal; [proceedings from a conference ... in Dallas in the spring of 1999 which was entitled "pediatric gender assignment - a critical reappraisal"]. - New York, NY [ua]: Kluwer Acad. / Plenum Publ., 2002. - ISBN 0306467593 .
- ↑ Juan E. Méndez. Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment . Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (01-02-2013). Date of treatment October 28, 2015.
- ↑ World Health Organization. Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization. An interagency statement . - World Health Organization, 2014 .-- ISBN 978 92 4 150 732 5 .
- ↑ Involuntary or coerced sterilization of intersex people in Australia . Australian Senate Community Affairs Committee (25-10-2013). Date of treatment October 28, 2015.
- ↑ On the management of differences of sex development. Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality" (inaccessible link) . Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics NEK-CNE (11-2012). Date of treatment October 28, 2015. Archived April 23, 2015.
- ↑ Reuters . Surgery and Sterilization Scrapped in Malta's Benchmark LGBTI Law , The New York Times (April 1, 2015).
- ↑ Star Observer . Malta passes law outlawing forced surgical intervention on intersex minors , Star Observer (April 2, 2015).
- ↑ Gaisinovich, 1972 .
Literature
- in Russian
- Breitman M. Ya. Clinical semiotics and differential diagnosis of endocrine diseases: a guide. - L .: Medgiz , 1949 .-- 636 p.
- Intersexuality / Gaysinovich A.E. // Willow - Italics. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1972. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vols.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 10).
- Liberman L. L. Congenital disorders of sexual development: (Genetics, pathogenesis, clinic). - L .: Medicine . Leningra. Department, 1966 .-- 232 p. - 10,000 copies.
- Liberman L. L. Congenital disorders of sexual differentiation // Multivolume Guide to Internal Medicine / Ed. collegium: valid tsp Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR prof. A. L. Myasnikov (ed.) And others; Ed. volumes valid tsp Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR prof. V. G. Baranov . - M .: Medgiz , 1966. - T. 7: Diseases of the endocrine system. - S. 642-655. - 675 s.
- Myasoedov S.V. Phenomenon of reproduction and sex in the organic world: a guide to the study of general biology. - Tomsk: Sib. scientific Thought, 1935. - 500 p.
- Ryzhkov V. L. Genetics of sex. - Kharkov: State Medical Publishing House of the Ukrainian SSR , 1936 .-- 252 p.
- in other languages
- Wayne R. Dynes. Hermaphrodite // Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: [ eng. ] / Edited by Wayne Dynes. - N. Y .: Garland Publishing, 1990. - P. 530-532. - 1522 p. - ISBN 0-8240-6544-1 .
- Goldschmidt R. Die sexuellen Zwischenstufen / hrs. von M. Goldemeister, R. Goldschmidt, C. Neuberg, J. Parnas, W. Ruhland. - B .: Springer , 1931. - Vol. 23. - 530 p. - (Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiet der Physiologie der Pflanzen und der Tiere). - ISBN 978-3-642-88810-6 .
- Die Intersexualität / hrsg. von C. Overzier. - Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, 1961. - 560 p.
- Ashley DJB Human intersex. - Edinburgh - L .: Williams and Wilkins, 1962 .-- 357 p.
Links
- Sergey Khazov-Cassia. People of the third floor. Intersex activist about the situation with the rights of intersex people in Russia and abroad . Radio Liberty (18-10-2015). Date of treatment October 27, 2015.
- Yana Kirey-Sitnikova. Non-pathologic intersex * terminology (inaccessible link) . Trans * Coalition (09-09-2016). Date of treatment September 9, 2016. Archived September 11, 2016.