Children - Breed Pickers in Pennsylvania , 1884
Breaker - a mine worker who manually separates coal from impurities. The use of breed selectors in the United States began in the mid-1860s [1] [2] , where they were called breaker boys ( English breaker boys - “breaking children”). The name is due to the fact that the choice of the breed was primarily worked by children, as well as old people, patients or people who could not find another profession [3] . Despite public condemnation, the use of children in US mines continued until the 1920s [4] [5] .
Notes
- ↑ Derickson, Alan. Black Lung: Anatomy of a Public Health Disaster. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8014-3186-7
- ↑ International Textbook Company. International Library of Technology: A Series of Textbooks for Persons Engaged in the Engineering Professions and Trades. Vol. 38. Scranton, Pa.: International Textbook Co., 1903.
- ↑ This gave rise to a saying among coal miners: “Once an adult, twice a boy.” See: Miller, Donald L. and Sharpless, Richard E. The Kingdom of Coal: Work, Enterprise, and Ethnic Communities in the Mine Fields . State College, Pa .: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8122-7991-3 ; McDowell, John. “The Life of a Coal Miner.” In The World's Work ...: A History of Our Time. Vol. 4. Walter Hines Page and Arthur Wilson Page, eds. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1902; Richards, John Stuart. Early Coal Mining in the Anthracite Region. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7385-0978-7
- ↑ Hindman, Hugh D. Child Labor: An American History. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe, 2002. ISBN 0-7656-0936-3
- ↑ Freedman, Russell. Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade Against Child Labor. Reprint ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. ISBN 0-395-79726-8