Spy romance

Nineteenth Century

The earliest examples of a spy novel are Spy (1821) and Bravo (1831) by the American writer James Fenimore Cooper . Bravo attacks the European anti-republican image, portraying Venice as a city-state in which the ruthless oligarchy wears the mask of a "serene republic."

In the 19th century, the scandalous “ Dreyfus affair ” in France (1894-1899) led to an increase in public interest in espionage. ^[3] For about twelve years (1894-1906), politics dominated French politics, in which elements of international espionage, treason and anti-Semitism intersected. The case was widely covered by the world press. Messages about an agent of the German Empire who had infiltrated the top military leadership of France and transferred to Germany the secrets of the General Staff of the French army , or about the French counterintelligence , who sent a cleaning lady to check the garbage at the German embassy in Paris, attracted the attention of a wide audience and inspired writers of that time. ^[four]

The main topics of spy literature on the eve of World War I were the ongoing rivalry between the European colonial powers for control of Asia , the growing threat of conflict in Europe, an internal threat from their own revolutionaries and anarchists, and a historical novel. “ Kim ” (1901) by Rudyard Kipling is devoted to the Anglo - Russian Great Game , imperial and geopolitical rivalry, and the strategic war for supremacy in Central Asia , primarily in Afghanistan . The Secret Agent (1907) by Joseph Conrad explores the psychology and ideology that motivates socially marginal men and women who have joined together in a revolutionary cell to provoke a revolution in Britain with the terrorist bombing of the Greenwich Observatory . Conrad’s next novel, “ ” (1911), shows an agent of the Russian Empire sent to infiltrate a group of revolutionaries based in Geneva . “The Man Who Was Thursday ” (1908) by G. K. Chesterton is a metaphysical thriller based on the alleged penetration of detectives into an anarchist organization; but in fact, the novel became a means of studying the power structures of society and the nature of suffering.

The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes , created by Arthur Conan-Doyle , served Britain as a "spy hunter" in the stories " The Second Spot " (1904) and " Drawings of Bruce-Partington " (1912). In the story “ His farewell bow ” (1917), he served the Crown and the country as a double agent , transmitting false information to the German Empire on the eve of the First World War.

“The Scarlet Primrose” (1905) by Baroness Orzi spoke about how an English aristocrat saved French aristocrats from the Jacobin terror of the Great French Revolution (1789-1799).

The term "espionage novel" was defined by the book " " (1903) by Irish author , who described amateur spies who discovered a German plan to invade Britain. Its success has created a market for the subgenre of “ .” and became the most widely read and successful British writers in the genre of “spy literature”, especially “invasion literature” in the early decades of the 20th century. Their prosaic style and stereotypical short stories published from 1900 to 1914 did not have high literary value.

During World War I

The leading author of British spy literature during the First World War is the propagandist John Beacon . His well-written stories portray the Great War as a clash of Western civilization and barbarism. The most notable novels of Baken are “Thirty-nine Steps” (1915), “Under the Green Cloak” (1916) and the sequels , united by a common protagonist, the heroic Scottish . In France, Gaston Leroux published the spy thriller "Rultabiy u Krupp" (1917), in which detective Joseph Rultabiy is engaged in espionage.

The interwar period

An interwar espionage novel, influenced by the 1917 revolution and won by the Bolsheviks of the Civil War in Russia , usually refers to the fight against the “red threat”, which was perceived as yet another “clash of civilizations”.

British authors, originally former intelligence officers and agents, dominated spy literature during this period. For example, Eschenden, or the British Agent (1928) by W. Somerset Maugham , who accurately depicts espionage in World War I, or The Secret of Tunnel 51 (1928) by , showing a portrait of the first head of the Secret Intelligence Service .

In the same period, the popular and long-lasting series of about the criminal Simon Templar, nicknamed the “Saint”. “Water on the Brain” (1933), former Compton intelligence officer Mackenzie, became the first successful spy satire. ^[5] It was during this period that Dennis Wheatley wrote his first espionage novel, The Eunuch from Istanbul (1935).

World War II

The growing threat of fascism in Germany , Italy and Spain , as well as an understanding of the inevitability of a new world war, has attracted new, high-quality writers to spyware.

British author Eric Ambler has brought new realism to a spy novel. The Dark Frontier (1936), The Epitaph for the Spy (1938), The Mask of Demetrius (USA: The Coffin for Dimitrios, 1939), and The Journey into Fear (1940) show fans entangled in espionage. For Ambler, politics and ideology are secondary to the personal story in which the hero or heroine participates. The author’s early novels, “Unusual Danger” (1937) and “Reason for Anxiety” (1938), in which the NKVD spies help an amateur hero survive, are especially noteworthy in English spy literature.

“Over Suspicion” (1939) of about a young couple who are ready to help anti-fascists at the risk of their life, is a literate writing and quick, confusing and unpredictable stories related to the modern historical past. Over the course of her long career, McInnes has written many other espionage novels, including Quest in Brittany (1942), Decision at Delphi (1961), and Riding a Pale Horse (1984).

In 1940, novel “A Drink of Yesterday” was published (a pseudonym under which two authors were hiding at once), telling a gloomy story that took place during the First World War, in which Thomas Elphinston Hambledon, the hero of future Coles books, was first introduced, British diplomat and intelligence officer. However, later novels involving Hambledon were brighter, despite the fact that their action took place either in Nazi Germany or in Great Britain during World War II . After the war, the books on the adventures of Hambledon began to suffer from stereotyping, losing interest from both critics and the public.

The events preceding the Second World War, and the war itself, still continue to be fertile ground for the authors of espionage literature. Notable examples include Ken Follett (Needle Eye, 1978); (Night Soldiers, 1988) and (a series of books started by Zoo Station, 2007).

Early Cold War

The Cold War, which began in the second half of the 1940s between the West and the Eastern Bloc, gave a new impetus to spy literature. The first espionage novel about the impending conflict between yesterday’s allies was Atomsk by , written in 1948 and published in 1949.

Britain

In 1951, published the Secret Ministry, the first book in a long series about Johnny Fedor, a secret agent with a license to kill. Two years later, the first novel was released by Jan Fleming , a former British naval intelligence officer , marking the beginning of the cycle of the legendary 007 MI6 agent James Bond , a mixture of superagent, killer and . After Fleming's death, the book series about Agent 007 was continued by other British and American authors, including Kingsley Amis , , , , Sebastian Folks , Jeffrey Diver and William Boyd .

John Le Carré , a former spy himself, despite the commercial success of Fleming’s novels, chose to create anti-Jamesbond heroes, showing the profession of a secret agent without the usual romantic coloring. He draws a tense, but dim everyday life of the special services, a powerful confrontation between intelligence without skirmishes and protracted pursuits. The main character of Le Carré’s novels was - not just another glamorous super-spy, but a boring office worker, saddled with an unfaithful wife and a bad career. ^[6]

Like Le Carré, another former British intelligence officer Graham Green also dispensed with the glorification of intelligence services, preferring moral issues to espionage in his anti-imperialist novels, such as Essence (1948), about the British agent in Sierra Leone , a parody of Our Man in Havana ”(1959) about the situation in Cuba before the overthrow of dictator Fulgencio Batista , and“ The Human Factor ”(1978) about British support for apartheid in southern Africa under the pretext of fighting against the“ red threat ”.

Other writers often followed a similar path. So, an anonymous spy from Len Dayton ’s novels “Ipcress Dossier” (1962), “A Horse Under Water” (1963), “Berlin Funeral” (1964) and others, came from the working class with a negative look at the special services.

Many famous spy novels from this period were also built around recurring characters. In addition to Fleming and Le Carré, they include the series about John Craig, written under the pseudonym “James Munroe”; the cycle of novels of Elleston Trevor “Qwilleran”, written under the pseudonym “Adam Hall”, a hybrid of “glamor and dirt”; four books by about Michael Jagger.

Other important British writers who began to write espionage novels during this period include , Michael Gilbert , Alistair Maclean , , Jack Higgins and . In the same period, Dennis Wheatley's book series Gregory Sallust (1934-1968) and Roger Brooke (1947-1974) were written.

USA

wrote his first espionage novel, “Towards the East of Farewells” (1943), during World War II. In 1949, he joined the newly created CIA and continued to write spy novels for many years. In 1949, Paul Myron, Anthony Linebarger, a CIA specialist in China, published under the pseudonym Atomsk, which became the first spy novel of the Cold War period. In 1955, began to publish a series of books about CIA agent Sam Durell. in 1960 began a series of novels about Matt Helm, a hitman in the service of the US government. Between 1964 and the beginning of the 1990s, more than 260 novels were published about a secret agent with the right to kill Nick Carter, “Killmaster,” initiated by and Valerie Mulman. For these works invariably confrontation between American, Soviet and Chinese spies.

With the spread of male heroes in the genre of espionage novels, writers and publishers have also begun offering spyware literature with a woman as the main character. One of the most notable episodes with a woman as the main character is “ ”, which features a sexy super-spy, and whose novels are more action oriented in the Nick Carter-Kilmaster format.

Another important American author who was active in spy literature during this period is Ross Thomas .

USSR

The writer German Matveev immediately after the war writes the landmark Tarantula trilogy about the adventures of Leningrad teenagers who help adults catch fascist spies and saboteurs during the siege of Leningrad . The first book, Green Chains, was published in 1945, continued, The Secret Controversy, was published in 1948, and the third book, Tarantula, appeared in 1957. ^[7]

In 1950, Nikolai Dalekiy released the novel “Without opening his face”, which became the first part of the trilogy about the Soviet intelligence agent Oksana Stozhar, her work in the USSR and in German rear. The second book of the trilogy, Chamomile, was published in 1959 . The last part of the cycle, the novel “For Living and Dead Water,” was published in 1975 . In addition to the trilogy about Oksana, Stozhar Daleky wrote an adventure story, "The Practice of Sergei Rubtsov," about the work of Soviet counterintelligence , published in 1957.

In 1952, first in the journal “ Knowledge is Power ”, and a little later, a novel by Valentin Ivanov “Following the Trail” was published, telling about the usual livestock production of one of the Trans-Ural collective farms, forced to engage in battle with foreign saboteurs, whose purpose was to infect the USSR with a new locust species . The novel was reprinted several times. ^[8]

In 1958, Oleg Sidelnikov published the “ironic” spy detective “Knockout,” which the author himself dedicated to I. Ilf and E. Petrov . ^[9]

Late Cold War

The six-day war in June 1967 between Israel and its neighbors introduced new themes into espionage literature - the conflict between Israel and the Arab world , primarily with the Palestinians amid the ongoing tensions in the Cold War between the Western and Eastern blocs and the wider use of terrorism in as a political tool.

Britain

Famous characters from this spy novel of this era include Philip Macalpin from the books of long - long-haired, smoking hashish ; series of novels about David Callan; books by about John Morpurgo; series about Peter Marlowe.

Notable examples of the journalistic style and successful integration of fictional characters with historical events are the political thrillers Jackal Day (1971) by Frederick Forsythe and (1978) by Ken Follett . The development of military and espionage technologies led to the emergence of a sub-genre of techno- thrillers, one of the first of which was Craig Thomas ’s novel “ ” (1977), which describes a joint operation between British and American intelligence to steal one of two prototypes of the latest Soviet MiG- 31 (Firefox in NATO terminology).

Other important British writers who began writing spy novels during this period are , , Desmond Bagley , Anthony Price , , , Brian Forbes , Reginald Hill and , who wrote primarily under the pseudonym Colin Forbes.

USA

The first American modern ("glamorous and dirty") spy thriller that combines action and reflection is usually considered the "Scarlatti's Legacy" (1971) by Robert Ludlam . In the 1970s, former CIA officer began a book series about Paul Christopher, whose books were both well-written and believable.

The first American technotriller was Tom Clancy ’s novel “The Hunt for the Red October” ”(1984). He introduced CIA agent (analyst) Jack Ryan as a field agent.

Other important American authors who became active in spy literature during this period are , James Grady , William Frank Buckley Jr. , , , , and Canadian-American author David Morrell .

Other countries

In 1965, the French journalist Gerard De Villiers began his series of novels “SAS” ( Son Altesse Serenissime - translated from French - “His Excellency”) with the main character - freelance CIA prince Malko Linge. In total, he wrote 200 books in this series, ^[10] whose total circulation amounted to 150 million copies. ^[eleven]

Popular in the Eastern Bloc writer Yulian Semenov began his career as the author of political detectives in 1959 . In 1966, he published the novel “ Password is not needed, ” the first of a series of books about the Soviet intelligence officer Vladimirov-Isaev-Stirlitz . In 1977-1987, a chronicle novel was published in 4 books “ Burning ” about the life of Felix Dzerzhinsky , the founder and first leader of the Cheka , the first Soviet intelligence service. In his novels, Semenov tells the story of Soviet intelligence, from the Civil War in Russia to the Soviet-American Cold War .

In 1967, the popular Bulgarian writer Bogomil Rainov published the novel "Mr. Nobody," the first book from the cycle about the Bulgarian intelligence officer Emil Boyev. A total of 9 books were published, almost all were filmed.

In 1972, three Soviet writers, Vasily Aksyonov , Ovid Gorchakov and Grigory Pozhenyan , under the common pseudonym Grivadiy Gorpozhaks wrote the parody spy action movie “ Jean Green - Untouchable ”, in which they seriously touch on the aspects of the social, political and military confrontation between the socialist camp and the Western world.

In 1986, Swedish journalist Jan Guillau published the first novel in a about the Swedish superagent Karl Gustav Gilbert Hamilton, nicknamed The Red Rooster.

After the Cold War

1990s

The end of the Cold War, accompanied by the collapse of the USSR and the Eastern Bloc in 1991, led to the fact that Russia and other countries of the Iron Curtain in the West were no longer perceived as enemies. Moreover, many, following the American philosopher and political scientist Francis Fukuyama , came to the conclusion that the spread of Western-style liberal democracy in the world indicates the " End of History ", the end of the era of ideological confrontations, global revolutions and wars. As a result, having lost the “sworn enemy”, the confrontation with which attracted the attention of the audience, the authors of spy novels faced the threat of a decrease in interest on the part of readers, and therefore publishers. So, The New York Times has stopped publishing spyware reviews. However, even in a world without the Cold War, publishers continued to release spy novels by both popular writers during the Cold War, counting on their fans and new authors.

In the United States during this period, authors of spy novels are joined by such writers as , , , David Ignatius , David Baldachchi and with a series of novels about the expert on combating terrorism by .

In the UK in the 1990s, Robert Harris , Hugh Laurie (" Gun Merchant ", 1996) make their debut in spy literature. Andy McNab , and .

In 1998, a new Russian author appeared in the genre of espionage novel - Grigory Chkhartishvili , better known by his pseudonym Boris Akunin . It was this year that he released the novel Azazel , the first of a series about detective Erast Petrovich Fandorin . The author called the first book “conspiracy theories”, as the main events occur as a result of the conspiracy of secret organizations. In the same year, the second book of the series, the spy detective " Turkish Gambit, " was released.

2000s to the present day

The terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001 and the ensuing war on terrorism once again sparked interest in a spy novel. Elders of the genre such as John Le Carré, Frederick Forsyth, Robert Littell, and Charles McCurry resumed their work, and many new authors appeared.

A notable British writer who wrote his first spy novel in this period is Stephen Leeser . In the United States, authors such as , , , , , and James Patterson appear in the field of spy literature. Another notable author of espionage novels in the Anglo-Sphere is Australian James Phelan.

Swedish left-wing public figure, writer and journalist Stig Larsson , who died in 2004, became the second best-selling author in the world in 2008 ^[12] thanks to the Millennium trilogy about detective journalist Mikael Blomkvist and hacker girl Lisbeth Salander , published posthumously in 2005 —2007 years.

In October 2004, the international professional association was founded, the founders of which were about 150 authors with a combined circulation worldwide of more than one billion books. The organization united the authors of thrillers, including spy novels. At the beginning of 2018, ITW had more than 4,200 members from 51 countries, whose combined circulation exceeded 3.2 billion books. ^[13]

Many authors of espionage novels themselves were intelligence officers who worked in British intelligence agencies, such as MI5 or MI6 , or in American ones, such as the OSS or its successor, the CIA .

The first " insider " espionage novels appeared shortly after the end of World War I and were thinly disguised memories of former British intelligence agents such as William Somerset Maugham , and Compton Mackenzie . The tradition of publishing memoirs of former intelligence agents under the guise of fiction was continued during World War II by authors such as and .

Among the famous British authors of spyware of the Cold War period, Ian Fleming , John Le Carré , Graham Green , , , , Brian Forbes , Andy McNab and worked in the intelligence services. Among their American counterparts, insiders were , William F. Buckley Jr. , and .

At the end of the Cold War, the number of former spies who wanted to become writers did not decrease, becoming an important trend. ^[14] At the CIA, the number of manuscripts submitted for preliminary publication doubled between 1998 and 2005. ^[fifteen]

American insider authors of this period include , , , , and British Alan Stripp, a former cryptographer at Bletchley. Park , Stella Rimmington (CEO of MI5 from 1992 to 1996) and .

Soviet intelligence also wrote spy novels. Among them, Ovid Gorchakov , one of the prototypes of Major Whirlwind - the hero of the story Julian Semenov “ Major Whirlwind” , Grigory Pozhenyan , Mikhail Lyubimov , George Bryantsev , Vladimir Karpov , Yuri Kolesnikov .

Among the heroes of spy thrillers, mainly targeted at children and teenagers, there are children and adolescents. Examples include series of adventure novels , YS Lee’s historical dramas, Gallagher series of spy academies, Anthony Horowitz’s adventure novels Alex Ryder, books by and Ben Alsop, films Agent Cody Banks , Spy Kids and Spy Next Door .

The books by , , , Andy McNab and are also designed for teenagers.

Cinema

Spy novels were actively filmed in the 1960s , from the fantastic James Bond series to the realistic Spy Coming from the Cold (1965) and the hybrid Qwilleran Memorandum (1966). Although Hamilton's Matt Helm novels were realistic and intended for, their cinematic versions became a teenage parody. This phenomenon became widespread in Europe in the 1960s and is known as the or Spaghetti genre.

In 1962, the film " Doctor Know " was made based on the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming . That was the beginning of one of the longest and most successful movie series in history, which received the unofficial name of “Bondiana”. The protagonist of these films is James Bond, the fictional superspy 007 of the British intelligence agency MI6 . From 1962 to 2015, 24 films were released (on average one film in two years). The series brought its creators more than 7 billion US dollars, becoming the fourth most successful movie series in history ^[16] .

Notable events were a series of spy thrillers “ Mission Impossible ”, based on the television series of the same name of the 1960s, three parody thrillers about super-agent , films about intelligence analyst , political thriller directed by Stephen Gahan “ Sirian ” (2005), a detective thriller by Fernando Meirelles “ A Loyal Gardener ” based on the novel of the same name by John le Carré (2005), comedy films (1974) and “ Spies Like Us ” (1985).

Some espionage novels have been filmed repeatedly. For example, based on Robert Ludlam ’s novel “ The Bourne Identity, ” two films were shot: “ The Secret of Bourne's Personality ” in 1988 and “ The Bourne Identity ” in 2002 . Twice in 1986 and 2005, the book of the Canadian journalist " " about the terrorist attack at the Munich Olympics and the subsequent retaliation by the Israeli secret services was filmed.

In 1970, the film “ Green Chains ” was released in the USSR, based on the first two books of the popular trilogy by German Matveev “Tarantula” about Leningrad teenagers helping to catch fascist spies. The third part of the trilogy was filmed in 1982.

Television

The legendary super-agent James Bond first appeared on television in 1954 in an episode of the American television series “ ". The episode was shot based on Fleming’s first book “Casino Royale” , the role of “Jimmy Bond” was played by American actor Barry Nelson , with Bond being a CIA agent, and another character from Bondiana, CIA operative Felix Leiter, on the contrary, MI6 agent. In 1958-1959, the series “ ” was broadcast, nominally based on the eponymous novel by Herbert Wells , but actually representing an original espionage story. Interestingly, according to Wells’s novel about an invisible man, television series were shot three times (in the ), and in all three cases, only the invisible man remained from the original plan, who every time the authorities stubbornly forced to spy .

In the 1960s, espionage TV shows often appeared on screens. Among them are the series Dangerous Man (1960-1968), Avengers (1961-1969), and A Man from A.N.K. "(1964-1968)," "(1965)," Get Smart "(1965-1970)," Mission Impossible "(1966-1973). In the 1970s, such series as “The ” (1978-1980) and “The ” (1977) were released.

In the 1980s, American television showed the television series Air Wolf (1984-1987) and Secret Agent McGyver (1985-1992), which were linked to the Cold War, but at the same time reflected the distrust of American citizens to his government after the crimes of the Nixon government (domestic political espionage during the Watergate scandal and the Vietnam War ). Spy heroes were independent of the government, so McGyver in later episodes works in a non-profit private “ think tank ”, and the pilot Hawke and his two friends work as “free arrows”. Although there is an intelligence agency in each series, DXS in McGyver and FIRM in Wolf, his agents alternately acted as opponents or allies of heroes. In 1988-1990, the series “ Mission Impossible ” was broadcast, which became both a revival and a remake of the television series of the same name of the 1960s-1970s.

Spy television series from the late 1990s to early 2010 include Her Name was Nikita (1997-2001), Spy (2001-2006), 24 Hours (2001-2010, 2014), Ghosts "(2002-2011 in the UK, in the USA and Canada was released under the name MI-5)," Secret Show "(2006-2011)" Chuck "(2007-2012)," Black Mark "(2007-2013)," Special Agent Archer ”(from 2009 to the present),“ Nikita ”(2010-2013, based on the French film“ Her Name was Nikita ”, his remake of“ No Return ”, and also on the Canadian TV series“ Her Name was Nikita ”),“ Secret operations "(2010-2014)," Homeland "(from 2011 to the present).

In 2015, the German television series Germany 83 appeared on the screens of a 24-year-old native of East Germany , who is sent to the West as a secret Stasi spy.

In 1973, in the USSR, based on the novel “ Seventeen Moments of Spring ” by Julian Semenov (1968), the twelve-part television movie of the same name was shot, the main character of which, Soviet intelligence agent Maxim Isaev, acting in Nazi Germany under the guise of SS Standartenfuhrer Max Otto von Stirlitz , disrupts negotiations between the SS Reichsfuhrer Heinrich Himmler and resident of the OSS in Bern ( Switzerland ) Allen Dulles in order to conclude a separate peace. The film was very popular, becoming a cult and turning Isaev-Shtirlitsa into one of the most popular characters in the USSR and Russia. ^[17] In the 1980s, Soviet television showed two more serial films based on the novels of Julian Semenov, “ TASS is authorized to declare ... ” about the struggle between Soviet and American intelligence in Africa and “ Confrontation ”.

The historical and adventure television series State Border (1980-1988), which tells about the service of Soviet border guards, including their hunt for spies, spanning the period from 1917 to the end of the 1980s, was very popular with Soviet viewers.

In modern video games, a player can be a deputy spy, as in the Metal Gear series , especially in her third release of Metal Gear Solid , unlike third-person shooters such as and Splinter Cell . The games feature complex plots and cinematic images. Games such as No One Lives Forever and its sequel No One Lives Forever 2: A Spy in HARM's Way humorously combine espionage and a 1960s design. Also, games, such as Evil Genius , allow the player to be a villain, and his strategy takes place in real time.

• Spy comedy - usually parodies clichés and camp elements that are characteristic of a spy novel.
• Spy Horror - A spy novel with elements of horror .
• Spy science fiction is a spy novel with elements of science fiction .

Deceased

Living

• Thriller is a genre of works of literature and cinema, aimed at causing the viewer or reader a sense of anxious expectation, excitement or fear, which often includes espionage novels and films.
• Spy science fiction is a subgenre of spy literature that includes elements of science fiction .
• is a cinema genre that is closely associated with spy literature.
• List of Spy Writers
• .
• .

• Cawelti, John G. The Spy Story. - 1st. - Chicago : University Of Chicago Press, 1987 .-- 270 p. - ISBN 978-0226098685 .
• Aronoff, Myron J. The Spy Novels of John Le Carré: Balancing Ethics and Politics. - London : Palgrave Macmillan , 1999 .-- 328 p. - ISBN 978-0333754764 .
• The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction / Priestman, Martin, ed .. - English Language edition. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 .-- 310 p. - (Cambridge Companions to Literature). - ISBN 978-0521008716 .
• Britton, Wesley. Spy Television / David Bianculli. - 1st. - London : Praeger , 2004 .-- 312 p. - (Handbooks of Television Genres). - ISBN 978-0275981631 .
• Britton, Wesley. Beyond Bond: Spies in Fiction and Film. - London : Praeger , 2005 .-- 300 p. - ISBN 978-0275985561 .
• Britton, Wesley. Onscreen & Undercover: The Ultimate Book of Movie Espionage. - London : Praeger , 2006 .-- 232 p. - ISBN 978-0275992811 .

• Spy Guys and Gals
• Spy-Wise , spy fiction website
• WorldCat Spy Stories