Campidan dialect ( Sard. Sardu Campidanesu ) is a standardized version of the Sardinian language , which is mainly spoken in the province of Cagliari , Italy.
| Camipidan dialect | |
|---|---|
| Self name | Sardu Campidanesu, Campidanesu |
| Country | Italy |
| Total number of speakers | 500 thousand (2007) |
| Status | |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Indo-European family
| |
| Writing | latin |
| Language Codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | sro |
| WALS | |
| Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
| Ethnologue | |
| ELCat | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | |
Traditionally, the name "Campidano" refers to a fertile area located around the cities of Guspini and Villachidro . Campidan and its varieties can be found throughout the province of Cagliari, and not only in the province of Medio Campidano . Campidan is also common in parts of the province of Nuoro , in particular in the region of Oligastra and in the southern part of the province of Oristano , including its capital . However, it is at this point that the language goes into the Logudor dialect .
Campidan dialect is understandable to residents of central and southern Sardinia, where they speak Logudor [2] , but it is not understandable to those living in the far north of the island, where they speak Corsican-Sardinian dialects . Italogic speakers hardly understand Campidan, like any other dialect of the Sardinian language [3] . The Sardinian language is an autonomous language group, and not a dialect of Italian [4] , as is often noted, because of its morphological, syntactic, and lexical differences from Italian. In 2009, the Cagliari provincial administration approved spelling, phonetics, morphology, vocabulary, and vocabulary rules for the Campidian dialect.
Content
Subdialects
There are six main, but mutually intelligible dialects (subdialects) of the Campidian dialect: Arborian, Cagliari, Meridional, Oljastrinsky, Guspinsky and Villachidres. Cagliari is a Campidian dialect spoken in the capital, Cagliari, however, it is common in most neighboring towns and villages 15 km from Cagliari.
Dictionary
Campidian has a number of borrowed words from Aragonese , Catalan, and Spanish . Since the beginning of the 20th century, there has been an increase in lexical borrowings from the Italian language. This is particularly noticeable in technical terms for which there are no Campidian equivalents. However, many words from Italian have changed phonetically, so they sound in Sardinian. Borrowed from Italian words that end in O. are often replaced with . The strong Campidian accent also changes the sound of the word.
Feature
Nouns in the singular of the 3rd declension of Latin nouns ending in "-i" (Campidian "pisci" and Logudor pisce ).
In the plural, the article "is" (Campidan is terras and Logudor sas terras ).
Present participle in “-endi” (Campidian èssendi and Logudor èssende ).
The preservation of the Latin phoneme <qu> and <gu> (/ kʷ / and / gʷ /) in words such as akua (water) and sànguni (blood).
Palatalization of the Latin word is the initial / k / to / e / and / i / (lat. Centrum > centu cf. logudor chentu ). In the middle position, / k / will be - / ʒ / - ( lat. Decem > dexi cf. logudor deghe ) or - / ʃʃ / - (lat. Piscem > “pisci” ).
Transformation / rj / in / rg /, / nj / in / ng /, / lj / in / ll / and / ti /, / te / in / tz /.
Plugin / a / before the initial / r / (Latin rubeum > arrubiu ).
Metathesis (Logudor Carbonia and Campidian Crabonia ).
Catalan influence (words such as seu “cathedral”, borrowed from Catalan ).
Writing
Campidan dialect uses the Latin alphabet. Like Italian, Campidan does not use W and Y. Campidan also uses gh digraphs , which is pronounced / g / , ch is pronounced / k / in front of the vowels e And i , tz is pronounced / ts / and x , pronounced / ʒ / .
In phonetic syntax, the last or intervocal t is pronounced / d / (eg: issu andat , which means “he is coming”, pronounced issu andada ) and s is pronounced / z / , (eg, sa mesu , meaning " table ", pronounced sa mez̪a ). In case there are consonants like s , t or nt at the end of a word where helping vowels are usually added ( e.g. sa domu , is domus (u) , home, home). If before the consonant, then "i" is inserted before the usually initial s (eg: sa scala , is (i) scalas (a) , stairs, stairs). Spelling rules were introduced in the province of Cagliari on March 17, 2010. [five]
Examples
Medieval administrative documents
(May 30, 1225) Ego Benedicta de Lacon cum filiu miu donnigellu Guglelmu, per boluntadi de donnu Deu potestando parti de Calaris, fazzulli custa carta ad Sanctu Georgi de Sepollu de Gurgu et ad Sanctu Gorgoni et ad Sanctu Vittu pro beni ki ll innanti et pro s'anima mia et de parentis mius. Dau potestadi et assoltura de paschiri et a aquari sa causa de Sanctu Georgi de Sebollu daa Serramanna fini ad s'oliastru de Semassi, k'esti paris cun s'ortu de sutta billa, berbeis et cabras, et porcus et baccas, et eguas et cavallus. Et no ndi levit pegus perunu pro terra maina et ni atera causa peruna ni ad sa dommu de Sanctu Georgi et ni ad sus serbus, nin pro Iuigi, nin pro donnigellu et nin pro curadori et nin pro armentariu et ni ad peruna personi de su mundu .
Poetry
Femu cassadori [6]
(Efisiu Pintor Sirigu, Cagliari, 1765 - 1814)
Femu cassadori, e tenemu scupeta
E mai una beta - emu potziu cassai.
Ah! ita fortuna cust orta appu tentu!
Sendir'arziendi ind'una muntagnedda,
Andendur'a cassa po divertimentu,
Incontru passendiri una betixedda
Tanti bellixedda - sartiendi in s'arroca,
Beni fatt e coca - de corpus gratziosa;
Fiat grandu cosa - su ddi ponni avatu;
M'aturu unu tratu - po dda cuntemplai.
Po dda cuntemplai - m'aturu unu pagu
Po dda biri sola sartiend'e gioghendi;
M'arrimu a su truncu de unu bell'imbragu,
Po mi benni a tiru femu castiendi,
Ma cunsiderendi - cementi pasciat,
Mali mi pariat - su dda tenni morta:
Arresolvu de un '' orta - de no dda bociri,
Dd olemu sighiri - senz '' e dda sparai.
Dd olemu sighiri - fìnzas aund'andàt
Senz '' e mi dda perdi de vista un'istanti,
A dognia parti issa si castiàt,
Po chi cassadori non fessit ananti,
Ma deu costanti - in cudd 'idea mia
Sighemu in sa bia - ch'issa caminàt
Si si furriàt - deu m'acuamu,
E atesu nd'andamu - po non m 'osservai.
Po no m'osservai - de cussas alturas,
E de un'altu boscu plenu de spinas,
Deu dd'aspettamu in mesu a is planuras,
Po dda ferri beni asutta de sa schina:
Ma issa mischina - sa morti timendi,
Andàt scartendi - cuddu logu claru,
Po tenni arreparu - de no essi bista,
Caminendi crispa - po no dda ciapai.
Caminendi crispa - in cussu montixeddu,
E scurta scurta senz '' e si fidai;
Ita fazzu deu, senza de cerbeddu
Su passu de pressi mi pongu avanzai;
A si furriai - benit a mi biri;
Scapat a fuiri - coment '' e unu lampu,
Fuit de su campu - a mesu su padenti,
Senz '' e sciri comenti - dda podi incontrai.
No sciemu cementi - prus dda podi biri
Cun disisperu de s'anima mia;
Si de una parti dd '' olemu sighiri,
Mirendu s'arrastu, a bortas ddu perdiat;
De tali genia - passu peda arratu;
Sentendu su fattu - de m 'essi inclarau;
Non perdu coidau - camminu de pressi,
Penzendi ch'iad essi - in logh '' e arreposai.
Penzendi, ch'iad essi - comenti giai fiat,
Asut '' e una mata dda biu discantzendu,
Dda miru, e m'acatu chi prus no podiat
Scampai de mei, mischina, currendu;
Dda biu dormendu - cun grandu dulciura;
Biu s'ermosura - mini ndi parit mali,
Chi corpu fatali - ddi trunchit sa vida:
Senza de ferida - dd '' olemu gosai.
Chi si est dormida - dda scidu in cust'ora ...
Mi ndi cumpassivu, e ndi tengu piedadi,
Custa beta mia dd'arriservu ancora,
Biendu chi portat tanti giustedadi,
Canzau giai m'at - ma est gratziosa,
No est mellus cosa - de dda biri gioghendu.
Est lesta sartiendu - est med'atrativa;
Chi a prusu m'atriva - no mi fait plexeri;
Giai ndi seu meri - no dd '' ollu sparai.
Femu cassadori.
Prose
Po cantu Biddanoa - 1987 [6]
(Benvenuto Lobina 1914 - 1993)
Su trenu de Casteddu arribàt a mesudì. Ma de candu intràt in is furriàdas de Tacchu de Nurri e ancora no si biìat, s'intendìat su ciuff ciuff e su fragu de su fumu, màssima candu tiràt bentu estu. Sa primu a si biri fut sa macchina, candu s'incraràt in sa trincera de terra arrùbia e fut po lompi a su scàmbiu. Tandu su ciuff ciuff si faìat prus forti, a cuncórdiu cun is stantuffus chi movìant is arrodas, e su trenu, sulendu fumu biancu finza a celu, saludàt alligru is acacias chi fùant abetendiddu, strantaxaus pe parti Mancai fessit cincu oras currendu e èssit passau Campidanu, Partiolla, Trexenta e Sarcidanu, non parìat fadiau. Passau su scàmbiu arrallentàt e si poniat a passu de ómini po intrai in stazioni: cun imponénzia, cun importànzia, cun totu is ogus de sa genti puntaus asuba, cumpraxu. Ma candu si firmàt, asutta de is matas de ùlimu prus artas de sa stazioni, e sa genti cumenzàt a si accostiai, su ùrtimu ciuff pariat unu suspiru: fut própiu fadiau. Ma fut prexau su própiu, su trenu de Casteddu: a ananti de sa macchina is cuatru numerus de latoni - 1908 - brilliant che unu sprigu, e su capustatzioni, cun su berretu arrùbiu in conca, fut benendu a ddu arricìri cun grandu arrespetu. Comenti dónnia dì.
See also
- Sardinian language
Notes
- ↑ UNESCO Red Book of Languages
- ↑ Sardinian intonational phonology: Logudorese and Campidanese varieties , Maria Del Mar Vanrell, Francesc Ballone, Carlo Schirru, Pilar Prieto
- ↑ Sardinian Language , Rebecca Posner, Marius Sala. Encyclopedia britannica
- ↑ De Mauro, Tullio. L'Italia delle Italie , 1979, Nuova Guaraldi Editrice, Florence, 89
- ↑ Provincia di Cagliari | Leggi il contenuto . Provincia.cagliari.it. Date of treatment October 22, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 normalized according to modern standards campidanese
Links
- Ditzionàriu online - Dizionario della lingua sarda
- Grammatica sardo-campidanese
- Saggio di grammatica campidanese, Antoninu Rubattu
- La lingua sarda: Storia, spirito e forma , Max Leopold Wagner, a cura di Giulio Paulis, Nuoro 1997
- Accademia De Sa Lingua Sarda Campidanesa - Onlus
- Campidanese basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database