History of Minsk

Most likely, the name of the city comes from the Menka River (Me), which flows into the Bird ^[1] . At the confluence of the southern tributary of Menka, the ramparts of the ancient settlement still remain ^[2] . One of the hypotheses of the emergence of the city suggests that after a belligerent attack and a devastating fire on the hillfort in the second half of the 11th century ^{[3], the} inhabitants of the Menskoye settlement founded a new settlement (later the Minsk Castle ) north-east, already at the confluence of the Nemiga River in the Svisloch River. Hydronym Me can be explained from the Indo-European "men" - "small". Old Russian versions of the name - “M ѣ nsk”, “M ѣ nsk”, “M ѣ nsk” are found in the annals. ^[4] In later sources, the name of the city is spelled without the word "Mensk", "Menesk", "Mensk". ^[five]

At the end of the 16th century, isolated ^[6] cases of the use of the Minsk form in the Western Russian language were recorded, later, as the polonization intensifies, the percentage of using the Minsk-Minsk form increases (the second half of the 17th century), but Mensk does not cease to be used ". The Mensk form disappears from official documents only in the 18th century, when the West Russian language is completely excluded from state use. ^[6]

Since 1502 , the form “Minsk” has been used in Latin and Polish-language documents (“Minsk”, “Mińsk”). A similar transformation of the name of the city in the Polish language occurred under the influence of the Polish Minsk-Mazowiecki . ^[5] At the end of the 18th century, under the sections of the Commonwealth, the name of the city goes into Russian as “Minsk”. ^[7]

Since spelling, spelling and literary norm in the Belarusian language were formed only at the end of the XIX century, ^{[8] [9] [10]} which affected the formalization of the name of the city: it had not settled down by this time. The oral use of the Mensk form is still fixed, the latter is noted by the Belarusian ethnographer Pavel Shpilevsky and the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland ( 1885 ). In the time of the BSSR, the name “Mensk” again became normative for some time and is used everywhere ^[6] in official documents until July 29, 1939, when the Supreme Council of the BSSR changed the name of the city to “Minsk” ^[11] . Since that time, the Minsk form has been the normative name of the city in the Belarusian language. However, some media outlets, authors and Internet projects using pre-reform gibberish (for example, Radio Liberty , Arche Pachatak magazine , etc. ) regarding modern Minsk, as well as printed historical publications (including official ones, for example, books of publishing houses Belaruskaya encyclopedia ”,“ BelTA ”, etc.) regarding the period of the city’s history until 1793, they use the Mensk form.

In 1991, the Minsk City Council of People's Deputies appealed to the Supreme Council with a request to return the city to its former form of the name “Mensk”, but the request was refused. ^[12]

The name “Mińsk Litewski” (Minsk-Lithuanian, from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ) and later “Mińsk Białoruski” (Minsk-Belorussian) was historically used in Polish to distinguish between Minsk and a small city in Poland Mińsk Mazowiecki . Now the word "Mińsk" almost always means the capital of Belarus, rather than a city in Mazovia .

The earliest settlements on the territory of the modern city have been known since the 9th century . The Svisloch river valley was inhabited by two East Slavic tribes: Krivichi and Dregovichi . Around 980, the territory is included in the Principality of Polotsk . The city of Menesk ^{[4] was} first mentioned in the " Tale of Bygone Years " in 1067 , when the sons of the Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise appeared under the walls of the city, which then belonged to Prince Polotsk Vseslav Bryachislavich . Veche refused to surrender the city, but the Yaroslavich brothers captured and destroyed it, and then defeated the troops of Vseslav Bryachislavich in the battle of Nemiga (within the present central part of Minsk). ^[one]

After the death of Vseslav Bryachislavich in 1101, his sons divided his father's possessions into estates, as a result of which Menesk became the capital of a separate principality . The first men’s prince was Gleb Vseslavich . The metropolitan status and favorable geographical position contributed to the economic development of the city and its transformation into a major trade and craft center, as evidenced by the results of archaeological excavations. However, the frequent internecine wars of the princes (campaigns against Menesque in 1119, 1159, 1160, 1161 were known) impeded the prosperity of the city.

XI - XII centuries

• 1067 - Menesk was first mentioned in chronicles in connection with the battle on the Nemiga River between the armies of Polotsk Prince Vseslav Bryachislavovich and Princes Yaroslavichi .
• 1084 - Menesk was devastated by the troops of Vladimir Monomakh . ^[13]
• 1104 - chronicles mention of Menesk as the center of the principality.
• 1104 - attack on the Menesk of Kiev Prince Svyatopolk .
• 1116 - two-month siege of Menesque by the troops of the Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh .
• 1119 - the capture of Menesque by the troops of the Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh, the capture of Gleb Vseslavovich and the accession of the city to the possessions of Vladimir Monomakh.
• 1146 - the beginning of the reign in Menesque of the son of Gleb Vseslavich - Rostislav .
• 1159 - a campaign against the Menesk of Prince Polotsk Rogvolod Borisovich in alliance with the Chernigov Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich , which ended in a ceasefire.

The Mongol-Tatar invasion in 1237-1239 did not affect Menesk, but the later raids of the Golden Horde and the collapse of the Old Russian state greatly weakened the principality.

In the first quarter of the XIV century, Menesk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . In 1385, Lithuania and Poland signed the Union of Krev , and in 1401 concluded the Vilnius-Radom Union , on the basis of which Poland formed a union state. In 1441, the Prince of Lithuania, Casimir IV, gave the city a charter of privileged cities. At the behest of his son Alexander Jagiellon in 1499 (according to other sources - 1496), the city received Magdeburg law . In 1566, the city became the center of the Minsk Voivodeship .

• July 15, 1410 - participation of the Men’s Banner in the Battle of Grunwald .
• March 14, 1499 - receipt of Menesk Magdeburg Law .
• 1508 - the siege of Minsk by Russian troops under the command of Mikhail Glinsky .
• 1513 - the first hospital is opened.
• 1547 - a strong fire in Minsk destroyed almost the entire city.
• 1566 - formation of the Minsk Voivodeship .

In the XVI-XVII centuries, the pronunciation of the name of the city in the Western Russian language changes the sound "e" to "and", especially in the southern dialects (the future Ukrainian language ). Under this influence, the pronunciation in the then dominant Polish language also changes to “Mińsk” or officially “Mińsk Litewski”. At the end of the 18th century, during the partition of Poland, the name of the city passed into Russian as “Minsk”. ^[7]

In 1569, the Union of Lublin was concluded , which finally unites the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the Commonwealth . The Minsk district is given two places in the shaft parliament of the newly formed state - for the governor and the chestnut . In addition, each of the other two districts of the Minsk Voivodeship - Rechitsky and Mozyrsky - had its own seymic , which sent two deputies to the Sejm and the Lithuanian Tribunal .

• 1582 - the stone building of the town hall was built.
• 1582 - the creation of the Jesuits collegium .
• January 12, 1591 - obtaining a confirmation privilege on the right to own the city emblem.
• March 1, 1597 - a speech by citizens against the Uniate Metropolitan Mikhail Rogoza .
• 1613 - foundation of the Peter and Paul Brotherhood - the largest of the seven Minsk Orthodox brotherhoods.
• 1616 - performance of citizens against the Church Union of Brest .
• 1624 - The Bernardine monastery was founded.

By the middle of the XVII century, Minsk was becoming an important economic, cultural and religious center of the Commonwealth. During this period, due to the migration of Poles and Jews and in connection with the conversion of the gentry to Catholicism, large communities of Catholics and Jews appear in Minsk. After the Brest Union, Orthodoxy gradually gives way to Uniate .

• July 3, 1655 - the entry of the Russian army during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667).
• 1659 - opening of the first pharmacy in Minsk.
• July 3, 1660 - troops of the Commonwealth liberated Minsk and the territory of modern Belarus to the Berezina River.

In 1654, during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), Minsk was captured by the troops of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and held on until 1667. During the war, the city was completely destroyed by Russian troops, only two thousand inhabitants and 300 houses remained in it. Minsk pop Ivan testified: the military people who were in the city “all Tatars and Mordovians don’t know Russian” ^{[14] [15]} The second wave of destruction followed during the Northern War (1700-1721), when in 1708 the Swedish king Karl XII occupied the city. In 1709, Minsk was again captured by Russian troops.

• February 26 - March 24, 1706 - the presence of the Russian Tsar Peter the Great in Minsk during the Northern War (1700-1721).
• 1751 - armed action of the townspeople against the city headman.
• June 6, 1762 - a fire in the central part of the city: many houses burned down, about 360 manuscript books were destroyed, among which the tribunal books of the Minsk Cadence, covering over a hundred years of the city’s history. ^[sixteen]
• 1783 - the first development plan for Minsk was drawn up.

In addition to physical destruction, both wars led to the decline of the economy. In the XVIII century, Minsk became the periphery of the Commonwealth, without playing any significant role. By 1790, the population of Minsk reached 6500 - 7000 inhabitants, thus returning to the indicators of 1654, the majority of the population were Poles and Jews.

In January 1793, Minsk was annexed to the Russian Empire as a result of the 2nd division of the Commonwealth , and on April 3 of that year became the center of the new Minsk province . In 1795, the decree of the Senate of Russia abolished Magdeburg law for Minsk.

In the first years of the era of the Russian Empire, the development of the city begins - in 1805 the first public park was opened, and by 1811 the population of the city consisted of about 11 thousand people. But the war of 1812 seriously destroyed the city. When in 1812 the Russian troops liberated him, 3,500 inhabitants remained in the city, most of the infrastructure and housing lay in ruins. The last unrest of the XIX century occurred during the Polish uprising of 1830 . The suppression of the uprising led to a change in the national character of the city and a gradual decrease in the Catholic and Polish population. In 1835, Minsk was included in the so-called. Jewish settlement .

Throughout the XIX century, the city continued to grow. In the 1830s, all the main streets and squares were covered with cobblestone , in 1836 the first public library was opened, and a year later the first fire tower . In 1838, the first newspaper “Minsk Governorate in Home” was published, and in 1844 the first theater was opened. By 1860, there were 27 thousand inhabitants, there was a construction boom of two- and three-story houses in the Upper Town.

According to the social composition in 1800 in Minsk, there were 40.43% of philistines, 34% of guilds, 12.03% of nobles, 2.53% of merchants, 2.49% of the clergy, 1.78% of peasants and 6.7% of other social groups and in 1861 - 54.19% of the philistines, 13.03% of the guild, 12.66% of the military, 10.82% of the nobles, 2.33% of the merchants, 2.12% of the officials and honorary citizens, 1.13% of the peasants , 1.06% of the clergy, 0.56% of the household, 2.06% of other categories of the population ^[17] .

The most important event for further development is the emergence of the railway. In 1871, the Warsaw - Moscow railway was laid through Minsk, and in 1873, Minsk became a railway junction due to the opening of the Libavo - Romen railway. In 1872, water supply appeared in the city, in 1890 the telephone, and in 1894 the first power station. In 1900, there were 58 factories and plants in Minsk. According to the census of 1897, there were 91,494 inhabitants in the city. More than half of the population (47,561) are Jews.

By the beginning of the 20th century, Minsk became the second main center (after Vilna ) of the Belarusian political movement.

In 1898, in Minsk, in a private house on Zakharyevskaya Street , the First Congress of the RSDLP was held .

The long peace was interrupted by the First World War , in 1915 the city became a front-line, when the headquarters of the 10th Army was located in it. The city had many hospitals and warehouses.

• 1793 - occupation of Minsk by Russia after the 2nd division of the Commonwealth .
• April 3, 1793 - Decree of the Senate of the Russian Empire on the creation of the Minsk province .
• May 14, 1795 - the abolition of Magdeburg Law for Minsk .
• January 24, 1803 - the open Minsk male provincial gymnasium.
• July 8 - November 16, 1812 - French troops occupied Minsk during the Patriotic War of 1812 .
• May 30, 1835 - a severe fire occurred, which destroyed almost the entire central part of Minsk.
• 1846 - the construction of the Warsaw highway from Moscow through the Minsk province was completed.
• 1848 - cholera epidemic, which killed 1,100 people.
• 1851 - the authorities decided to demolish the Minsk City Hall.
• February 21, 1852 - staging in Minsk by the troupe of Vincent Dunin-Martsinkevich the first Belarusian opera "Peasant Woman" ("Idyll") .
• 1857 - money was allocated and the Minsk City Hall was demolished due to the fact "... that by its existence it reminded the inhabitants of the customs of the past, of Magdeburg Law." On the decision to demolish the town hall is the hand-made resolution of Emperor Nicholas I.
• November 28, 1871 - the beginning of movement along the Moscow-Brest Railway through Minsk.
• 1872 - the Alexander Square was laid (now the Central Square at the Yankm Kupala Theater ) .
• 1873 - the beginning of movement along the Libavo-Romny railway through Minsk.
• 1873 - The Minsk Commercial Bank was founded.

• 1874 - Minsk water supply system was commissioned.
• 1874 — построен первый в городе фонтан (в Александровском сквере).
• 7 апреля 1876 — забастовка рабочих железнодорожных мастерских, первая в Минске.
• 1876 — основано пожарное объединение.
• 1878 — утверждён герб Минской губернии.
• 1881 — открыты минские отделения Государственного банка и Русского телеграфного агентства.
• 1881 — основан машиностроительный и чугунно-медно-металлургический заводы (Кашарский машиностроительный завод).
• 1886 — 1902 — издание газеты «Минский листок» , в которой 28 мая 1889 года впервые напечатана белорусская поэма « Тарас на Парнасе ».
• 1890 — начало работы телефонной связи в Минске.
• 5 июня 1890 — открыто здание Минского городского театра.
• 26 сентября 1891 — в Губернаторском саде (сейчас Центральный детский парк имени Максима Горького) произошёл полет аэронавта Древницкого на воздушном шаре и его спуск на парашюте собственного изделия.
• 1892 — начало работы минской конки .
• 1893 — построен Низко-Базарный мост (сейчас мост через реку Свислочь, соединяющий улицы Немига и Максима Богдановича) .
• 1894 — в эксплуатацию введена первая электростанция.
• 18 апреля ( 1 мая ) 1895 — в Минске впервые отмечался день 1 мая .
• 1897 — население Минска составляло 90 912 жильцов, по итогам проведённой переписи населения Российской империи .
• 1 марта - 3 марта 1898 — проведён первый съезд РСДРП .
• 25 декабря 1900 — открыта первая публичная библиотека.
• 18 января 1900 — первая в городе уличная демонстрация рабочих.

Революция 1905 — 1907 гг

• 16 февраля 1905 — политическая демонстрация и забастовка учащихся средних учебных заведений.
• 1 июля 1905 — открыто 3-классное городское училище.
• 12 октября 1905 — Всероссийская политическая забастовка приобрела всеобщий характер.
• 18 октября 1905 — расстрел митинга на Привокзальной площади ( Курловский расстрел ).
• 8 декабря 1905 — всеобщая забастовка в Минске.
• 1905 — с Брестского и Виленского вокзалов было налажено движение дачных поездов в пригороды Курасовщина и Серебрянка.
• 1 декабря 1906 — основанное белорусское книжное объединение «Мінчук» .
• 1907 — основан металлообрабатывающий завод «Гигант» .

1908—1917

1908 — установлен первый в городе лифт в гостинице «Европа».

1908 , февраль — основан церковный историко-археологический комитет (действовал до 1915 года); при нём созданы Минский историко-археологический музей и библиотека (эвакуированы в Рязань в 1915 году; часть экспонатов музея возвращены в БССР в 1922 году) ^[18] .

1908 — основано медицинское училище.

1908 — построен костёл Святого Симеона и Святой Елены , или Красный костёл ^[19] .

1910 — открыт кинотеатр «Иллюзион» — один из первых в городе ^[20] .

1910 — основана обувная фабрика «Орёл» ^[21] .

21 августа 1911 — основана Минская болотная научная станция (в районе Городской выгон, или Комаровское болото, сейчас район площади Бангалор).

1911 — установлена междугородная телефонная связь между Минском и Борисовом .

1911 — открыта публичная библиотека имени Л. Н. Толстого ^[20] .

1912 — произошло наводнение в Минске.

1912 — проведена реконструкция электростанции; установили новую динамо-машину и дизельный двигатель мощностью 500 лошадиных сил , часть воздушной проводки заменили подземными кабелями; в итоге в 1913 году максимальная мощность станции достигла 1100 киловатт .

1913 — построена эпидемическая больница, общее количество больниц в Минске составляло 23.

21 марта 1913 — открыт приют для вытрезвления лиц, задерживаемых в пьяном виде чинами полиции (губернским комитетом попечительства о народной трезвости). ^[22]

1914 — открыт трехлетний педагогический институт; осенью 1915 года, с приближением фронта Первой мировой войны , институт был эвакуирован в Ярославль , где находился три года.

1915 — создано Белорусское общество помощи потерпевшим от войны (действовало до конца 1917 года) ^[23] .

1916 — создан клуб белорусской интеллигенции «Беларуская хатка» (существовал до 1921 года) ^[24] .

Городские головы города Минска

1917—1919

9 марта 1917 года создан Комитет общественного порядка и безопасности .

9 августа (21-го по новому стилю) 1917 года в городском театре состоялось первое заседание Минской городской думы (МГД) нового состава ^[25]

Вскоре после того, как 16 февраля 1918 года германские войска начали наступление, Минск был захвачен. Захвату предшествовали локальные стычки в городе между большевиками и их противниками. По результатам Брест-Литовского мира Минск был передан Германии.

25 марта в Минске была провозглашена независимость Белорусской Народной Республики , заявившая о своих претензиях на белорусские земли, однако власть в городе продолжала осуществлять немецкая оккупационная администрация.

После поражения Германии в Первой мировой войне и подписания Компьенского перемирия советское правительство денонсировало Брест-Литовский мир , и вскоре Минск был освобождён.

1919—1920

Crises (authorities, food, housing) tormented the townspeople ^[26] . The line of the Polish-Soviet front is 70 miles (east of the city). At the city exchange there is an interest in Soviet banknotes (as well as in tsarist ones).

The machines of the underground printing house of the Minsk Committee of the Bolsheviks are working (house on Malo-Tatar Street)

The city magistrate announced that former participants in the uprisings of 1863, 1848 and even 1831 can register for the subsequent appointment of special honorary pensions on behalf of the Polish government.

A wave of emigration from Soviet Russia is moving to Minsk.

Beginning of January 1920 - Zinaida Gippius , Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Dmitry Filosofov cross the line of the Polish-Soviet front (Zhlobin district) (at −30 ° C) on the smuggling sleigh. The classic triumvirate settles for several months in Minsk and is included in public life.

Many pre-revolutionary enterprises and offices, gymnasiums, entertainment establishments continue to work, new ones are opening. Balls are given, people go to theaters and cinema (the effect of "continental Odessa"). The Moscow Art Theater actor Richard Boleslavsky (the future Hollywood star) shines.

The newspapers Zvon , Belarus , and Minsk Courier are published.

Soviet Belarus

On January 1, 1919, the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus (SSRB) was proclaimed in Smolensk as part of the RSFSR , and on January 5, the capital of the newly formed Soviet republic was moved to the city.

On February 27, Soviet Belarus is part of Litbel (Lithuanian-Belorussian SSR), but due to the Soviet-Polish war (1919-1921), the capital of Litbel is evacuated to Minsk on April 28, then leaves it on May 19, and the Polish Army occupies the city on August 8 .

The interwar period

On July 11, 1920, the Red Army invaded Minsk, and on July 31, the capital of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic returned to it. Years of war greatly destroyed the city, but already in the first years of Soviet power, reconstruction began. In 1921, the Belarusian State University and the first scientific library were formed in Minsk, the State Publishing House of the BSSR was founded (from 1963 - the publishing house "Belarus" ). In 1924, 29 factories, many cinemas, schools, hospitals were already operating, large complexes of new buildings were appearing. In 1928, the BSSR Academy of Sciences was opened, in 1929 the first Minsk trams went on the line, and in 1933 the airport began to operate. In 1934, the building of the V.I. Lenin State Library was built.

A major event in the urban development and architecture of Minsk was the construction of the Government House of the BSSR (1929-1934) according to the project of architect Joseph Langbard. This is the largest public building with a volume of 240,000 m³, one of the best monuments of constructivism , laid the foundation for the formation of a new city center - Lenin Square .

In October 1928, by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the BSSR, the Institute of Belarusian Culture was reorganized into the Belarusian Academy of Sciences. January 1, 1929 - Inauguration of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences (now the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus ). As a result, the Library of the Institute of Belarusian Culture was transformed into the Fundamental Library of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR .

On December 10, 1933, the Government Library was founded, which to this day is housed in the building of the Government House.

In the mid-thirties, due to the fact that the state border of the USSR ran just twenty kilometers from the city, the proposal to move the capital of the BSSR to Mogilev was considered . After the accession of Western Belarus, the need for this transfer has disappeared.

In 1939, the population of Minsk was 238.9 thousand inhabitants ^[27] .

The capture of Minsk

From the beginning of the war to June 27, 1941, German aviation carried out bombing of Minsk ; On June 25, German troops approached the city. Since June 28, Minsk - under occupation , the city becomes the center of the general district of Belarus as part of the Ostland Reich Commissariat .

Occupation Period

At that time, the mayors of the city were Vitovt Tumash (July 1941 - November 1941), Vaclav Ivanovsky (November 17, 1941 - December 7, 1943) and Anatoly Komar (December 1943 - July 1944). ^{[28] [29]}

During the German occupation, 3 Jewish ghettos were created in Minsk , Jews began to drive in the ghetto from the very first day. During the occupation, more than 80 thousand Jews were tortured and killed in them.

From July 21, 1941 to July 3, 1944, the Minsk underground regional committee of the Communist Party (B) B, located on the island of Zyslov among the swamps of the Lyuban district in Polesie, operated . The underground underground city of KP (b) B was created in occupied Minsk in November 1941 to organize the anti-fascist movement in the capital. The first two members were arrested and killed by the Nazis in 1942. In this situation, the underground inter-district Communist Party (B) B of the Minsk partisan zone, which operated from October 1942 until October 1943 in six districts of the Minsk region, played a major role in organizing the interaction of the partisans of the Cherven and Pukhovich districts with the underground in Minsk. In 1943, the partisan units of the Minsk zone totaled more than 10 thousand partisans in 8 brigades: the 1st Minsk, named after the newspaper Pravda, Razgrom, For Savetskaya Belarus, Polymya, named after S.M. Kirov, “Chirvona Stsyag” and named after N.A. Schorsa. Given the importance of the partisan forces of the Minsk zone and the need to expand the antifascist struggle in occupied Minsk, the secretary of the underground inter-district committee of the Communist Party (b) B of the Minsk zone and the commander of the partisan units of this zone Ivan Paromchik was appointed secretary of the Minsk underground city committee of the Communist Party (b) B from October 4, 1943, continuing to operate along with partisan units in the Minsk region. The third composition of the Minsk underground city committee KP (b) B and the editor of his newspaper “Minsk Bolshevik” were located in the south of the Minsk region on the basis of the “Local” detachment. ^{[30] [31]}

The underground groups operated at the railway junction, TPP-2, a radio factory, the Avtomat bakery, an oil depot, shoe and felt factories, etc .; they destroyed the invaders, blew up and set fire to fuel depots, garages and workshops, disabled the equipment of enterprises, destroyed stocks of raw materials, freed the captured soldiers of the Soviet army. At different times, the underground members published a periodical leaflet, “Vestnik Rodiny,” newspapers “Patriot Rodiny,” “Zvyazda,” and “Minsk Bolshevik.” Partisan detachments were created in the vicinity of the city, many of which grew into large brigades. ^[32]

For each killed German soldier, 10 civilians were shot, for each officer - 100 (this was announced in leaflets pasted around the city).

In the period from April 17 to 22, 1943, the occupation forces carried out the operation “Magic Flute” (“Zauberflöte”) in Minsk, the purpose of which was to destroy the resistance and hijack the able-bodied population to Germany .

On Wednesday, September 22, 1943 at 00:40, the then Gauleiter of Belarus, Wilhelm Kube, was destroyed in his mansion at ul. Teatralnaya, d. 27, by the explosion of a mine, which partisans Elena Mazanik and Maria Osipova on the eve of (September 21) laid at the beginning of the day in his bed.

Liberation of Minsk

Minsk was liberated by the Red Army on Monday July 3, 1944 (in the evening), during the Minsk operation , which began on June 29, 1944 and was an integral part of the Belarusian operation (which began on June 22-23, 1944).

As a result of the capture by the Red Army of Minsk, east of the city, 105 thousand German soldiers and officers were surrounded - in the Minsk boiler , liquidated by July 11, 1944.

With the first echelon of advancing Soviet troops, when shooting was still heard in the west of the city, the famous Soviet poet Alexander Twardovsky entered Minsk and wrote one of his poems about it (“ Trenches, moves went into the bread, ”).

On Sunday, July 16, 1944, a partisan parade was held in liberated Minsk.

During the occupation, 70 thousand Minsk dwellers died, after the liberation, 37 thousand people remained in the city (almost 250 thousand from the pre-war period). At the time of the liberation of the city in the central regions of Minsk, there were only about 70 undestroyed buildings, the suburbs and outskirts suffered significantly less.

Thanks to the enthusiasm of citizens of the entire USSR, the city was restored as soon as possible and continued its development. The Minsk Motorcycle and Bicycle Plant (1945), the Minsk Tractor Plant (1946) and the Minsk Automobile Plant (1944) were built. In the first half of the 50s. The Minsk bearing, watch and radiator plants, as well as the worsted plant, were commissioned. Minsk has become one of the main centers of the Soviet Union, a center of engineering and high technology with a developed culture, health care, education, transport and science. The products of its automobile and tractor factories have become the hallmark of the republic in the world market.

1950s

• August 13, 1951 - the first production was released by the bearing factory.
• November 5, 1951 - The State Department Store (GUM) was opened.
• July 3, 1952 - A new bridge over the Svisloch River on Leninsky Prospekt was commissioned.
• September 19, 1952 - the first Minsk trolleybus was launched.
• September 1953 - Minsk Suvorov Military School was opened.
• October 14, 1953 - the first wheeled row crop tractor Belarus came off the conveyor of a tractor plant .
• March 7, 1954 - seeing off the first detachment of youth for the development of virgin lands.
• July 4, 1954 - an obelisk monument to soldiers of the Soviet Army and partisans who died in battles for the liberation of Belarus from Nazi occupants was unveiled on Victory Square .
• September 1, 1954 - The Belarusian Institute of Agricultural Mechanization was opened.
• Spring 1955 - the construction of the Zaslavsky reservoir ( Minsk Sea ) was completed.
• July 9, 1955 - Minsk Children's Railway opened .
• September 1955 - the first phase of the worsted combine was put into operation.
• November 16, 1955 - the first phase of the watch factory was put into operation.
• January 1, 1956 - the first broadcast of the Minsk television center .
• April 8, 1956 - the Belarusian Republican Theater for Young Spectators was opened.
• July 3, 1956 - The Palace of Culture of Trade Unions was opened.
• 1956 - An electrical engineering plant and a tractor spare parts plant were commissioned.
• March 2, 1957 - the first 40-ton MAZ-530 dump truck was assembled.
• June 30 - July 2, 1957 - I All-Belarusian Youth Festival .
• 1958 - The factory of automatic lines was put into operation.
• January 15, 1959 - All-Union population census . There are 509.5 thousand inhabitants in Minsk.
• February 11, 1959 - the building of the State Circus of the BSSR was opened.
• November 6, 1959 - a monument to the hero pioneer Marat Kazei was unveiled .
• December 4, 1959 - The Literary Museum of Yakub Kolas was opened.
• 1959 - The State Design Institute Minsk-Project was established . The State Dance Ensemble of the BSSR was formed .

1960s

• May 14 - May 25, 1960 - the III All-Union Film Festival was held in Minsk.
• October 30, 1960 - commissioning of the Dashava- Minsk gas pipeline .
• 1960 - the plant of electronic computers named after G. K. Ordzhonikidze .
• May 22, 1962 - the first atomic reactor in the BSSR Institute of Energy of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR was put into operation.
• April 13, 1963 - the concert hall of the Belarusian State Philharmonic was opened.
• May 1963 - the first stage of the engine plant was commissioned.
• August 15, 1963 - the new Radio House was put into operation.
• December 7, 1963 - the electrified section of the Belarusian railway Minsk - Olehnovichi was commissioned (in 1966 extended to Molodechno ).
• September 1, 1964 - the Radio Engineering Institute was opened.
• November 1964 - The Central Department Store Minsk was opened.
• January 21, 1965 - the Wedding Palace was opened.
• April 1965 - The Palace of Culture of the Tractor Plant was opened.
• May 1965 - the Palace of Culture of Textile Workers was opened.
• July 29, 1965 - The planetarium was opened.
• December 18, 1965 - dairy factory No. 2 was put into operation.
• January 10, 1966 - the Krinitsa sanatorium was opened near Minsk.
• May 7, 1966 - the Sports Palace was opened.
• December 3, 1966 - Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding Minsk the Order of Lenin .
• December 1966 - the Partizan cinema was opened.
• May 25 - May 26, 1967 - celebration of the 900th anniversary of Minsk.
• November 2, 1967 - the State Museum of the BSSR was opened.
• December 27, 1968 - the Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy of the BSSR in the permanent pavilion is opened.
• December 29, 1968 - military parade and demonstration of workers in connection with the 50th anniversary of the BSSR.
• July 5, 1969 - the Barrow of Glory of the Soviet Army , the liberator of Belarus, was opened on 21 km of the Minsk- Moscow highway.

1970s

• January 15, 1970 - All-Union population census . There are 907.1 thousand inhabitants in Minsk.
• January 17, 1971 - The State Theater of Musical Comedy of the BSSR was opened.
• January 25, 1972 - Minsk became the 11th city of the USSR with a population of over 1 million people.
• April 30, 1972 - the city light newspaper began to appear.
• July 7, 1972 - a monument to Janka Kupala was unveiled.
• November 3, 1972 - a monument to Yakub Kolas was unveiled.
• November 5, 1972 - the millionth tractor was produced at the Minsk Tractor Plant .
• 1973 - the electrified section of the Belarusian Railway Minsk - Osipovichi was commissioned.
• 1973 - The Palace of Arts was opened.
• June 26, 1974 - Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on conferring the honorary title " Hero City " to Minsk.
• November 6, 1974 - the Torzhok-Minsk gas pipeline was commissioned.
• December 27, 1974 - an electrified section of the Belarusian Railway Minsk - Borisov was commissioned.
• January 30, 1975 - the cinema "October" was opened.
• March 1975 - the first in the BSSR universal food self-service store was opened (Frunzensky supermarket).
• On May 8, 1975, the 500,000th car was produced at the Minsk Automobile Plant.
• May 16 - May 21, 1975 - An international meeting in Minsk of peace supporters dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Victory over fascism in the 2nd World War. Its participants laid the Alley of Peace.
• September 1, 1975 - the Minsk Institute of Culture was opened.
• September 27 - October 3, 1975 III festival of friendship of Soviet and Bulgarian youth in Minsk.
• 30 декабря 1975 — введён в эксплуатацию электрифицированный участок Белорусской железной дороги Минск — Столбцы.
• 15 января 1976 — введена в эксплуатацию Вилейско-Минская водная система .
• февраль 1976 — открыт кинотеатр «Вильнюс».
• 14 марта 1976 — открыто новое здание аэропорта Минск-1 .
• 11 апреля — 27 апреля 1976 — в Минске состоялся I Всесоюзный фестиваль творческой молодёжи театров оперы и балета.
• 26 мая 1976 — открыты кинотеатр «Киев» и мемориальный знак Т. Г. Шевченко.

1980-е

• 1982 — открылся Международный аэропорт
• 30 июня 1984 — построен и запущен Минский метрополитен
• 30 октября 1988 — В Куропатах многотысячная акция, посвященная памяти жертв политических репрессий, разогнана силой .

C 1991 года Минск является столицей суверенной Республики Беларусь. В столице страны более 600 улиц и проспектов, город продолжает активно застраиваться и развиваться. 5 сентября 1991 года городской Совет народных депутатов восстановил старинный исторический герб города.

29 января 1991 — создана Академия управления при Совете Министров БССР (сегодня Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь ).

19 марта 2006 года в Минске начинается акция протеста . 21 марта на Октябрьской площади появляется палаточный городок. Однако уже 23 марта его ликвидировала милиция. 25 марта разогнан последний митинг протестующих, арестованы участники и их лидеры.

16 июня 2006 — открыто новое здание Национальной библиотеки Республики Беларусь .

19 декабря 2010 года оппозиция организовала акцию протеста у Дома Правительства. Акция протеста была разогнана милицией и внутренними войсками ^[33] .

В настоящее время выработан «Генеральный план Минска 2010» ^{[34] [35]} , в частности, «Стратегия развития жилых территорий» ^[36]

В 2011 Минск затронули события Революции через социальные сети , во время которой проходили молчаливые митинги по средам (за исключением митинга 3 июля), которые начались 8 июня. Власти всячески препятствовали акциям (перекрывали или ограничивали доступ на точки сборов митингующих, разгоняли митинги, штрафовали и арестовывали участников митингов и т. д.). Митинг 3 июля был разогнан сотрудниками милиции в штатском с применением слезоточивого газа ^[37] . 21 сентября лидеры митингующих предъявили 10 требований властям ^[38] . Однако активность деятельности борцов и численность митингующих постепенно сокращалась. Этому способствовали меры властей против подобных митингов. К середине 2012 года митинги Революции через социальные сети прекратятся ^[39] .

В 2012 году должно быть завершено строительство всех объектов исторической части Минска ^[40]

Первоочередные районы для проектирования (за пределы МКАД) — деревни Щемыслица , Тарасово, Дегтяревка, Ельница, Новый Двор ^[41]

5 сентября 2014 года был подписан Минский протокол , предусматривавший, в частности, прекращение огня на территории Донецкой и Луганской областей Украины. 12 февраля 2015 года был подписан Второе минское соглашение .

В 2016 году город затронули протесты индивидуальных предпринимателей. 11 января и 1 февраля прошли форумы предпринимателей. Затем прошли переговоры с властями, но они ничего не дали. Далее в Минске прошли предпринимательские акции протеста, которые были поддержаны в регионах. В результате 17 марта 2016 года прошли переговоры, в результате которых предпринимателям разрешили работать без документов,но повысили налоги.

• Недалеко от станции метро «Немига» был обнаружен первый Минский храм XI-го века ^[42]
• В Минске находилась первая белорусская электростанция (XIX век). Была снесена в 2011 году. ^{[43] [44]}
• В сентябре 2017 года Минск масштабно отмечает 950-летие со дня первого упоминания в летописях . ^[45]

• Исторические названия районов Минска
• Трагедия на «Немиге»
• Первый губернатор — Корнеев, Захарий Яковлевич

• Бохан Д. Д. Минские подания и легенды. Минск, 1902
• Загорульский Э. М. Древний Минск. Минск: Госиздат БССР, 1963
• Шыбека З. В. Мінск сто гадоў таму. Мінск: Беларусь, 2007
• Лиходедов Владимир . Минск. Путешествие во времени. Photo album. Минск, 2008

• Минск. Городской портал VisitMinsk.by
• Минск старый и новый
• Минск-Online — ресурс по истории Минска
• Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 26 июня 1974 года № 6163-VIII: О присвоении городу Минску почётного звания «Город-Герой»
• С любовью о Минске
• Минск, который мы можем потерять. Центр старого города оказался в центре строек.
• Городские легенды Минска: убийца Кеннеди, минчанин Мастроянни и другие
• Minsk legends: Lavrenty Tsanava - friend of Beria, summer resident, fan, killer
• The project "City yesterday and today" (bel.)
• Minsk in 1964 (French)
• MINSK CITY INVESTMENT PROGRAM FOR 2010
• Minsk of my childhood: back in the 80s!
• Updated Minsk // Ogonyok, No. 27, July 4, 1954