Turin Turambar

The Early Years of Turin

Turin was the son of Hurin Talion , the ruler of the people of the House of Hador , and Morven Eledven of the House of Beor. He was born in March 464 of the First Age. ^{[And 3]} He also had a younger sister, Lalight , but she died during an epidemic at the age of three, when pestilence came from Angband. Turin also fell ill then, but was able to completely recover. His closest friend at that time was Sador the One-Legged.

The siege of Angband had already been lifted by then, but Turin's homeland, Dor Lomin , still remained unconquered thanks to the efforts of the people of Hador. When Turin was eight years old, Hurin, along with most of the men of Hithlum , sided with King Fingon against Morgoth in the Battle of Countless Tears . Most of the warriors were killed, and Hurin was captured and taken alive to Morgoth. Due to the refusal to give out the whereabouts of Gondolin, Hurin and all his descendants were cursed by Morgoth:

All who are dear to you will feel the heavy oppression of my thoughts, like the hazy haze of Doom, and will be plunged into the darkness of despair. Wherever they take a step, evil will rise everywhere. Whenever they speak, their words will turn into disastrous advice. No matter what they do, everything will turn against them. There will be no hope for them in the hour of death, and at the last moment they will be cursed both life and death.

- Tolkien J.R. R. Chapter III. Speeches of Hurin and Morgoth // Children of Hurin / Ed. K. Tolkien ; Per. from English S. Likhacheva - S. 67

Dor Lomin was soon occupied by the Easterlings that invaded Hitlum. All this time Turin remained with Morven, who was hiding him from the invaders, fearing that they would kill him as the legitimate heir to the authorities in Dor Lomin and Ladros . After some time, Morwen sent young Turin, accompanied by Getron and Gritnir, to the Hidden Kingdom of Doriath . Morwen remained in Dor Lomin, where she soon gave birth to a second daughter, whom she gave the name Nienor .

Turin in Doriath

Turin and his guides ultimately reached Doriath, but were lost in Melian’s Belt. When they were on the verge of death from exhaustion, Beleg the Mighty Bow found them and brought them to Menegroth . King Elu Thingol received Turin, remembering the feat of his father and because of his kinship with Beren . In Doriath, Turin met the Elf Nellas, who watched him at the insistence of Queen Melian and taught him elven knowledge. Beleg Kutalion began to teach the art of war and forest science, and soon Turin became famous thanks to his skill and courage.

When, after eight years, the news finally stopped coming from the occupied Dor Lomin, Turin decided to turn his power against the servants of Morgoth, hoping in this way to avenge his family’s grief. Thingol made Turin one of his sword-knights ^{[And 4]} , and Turin departed to the northern borders of Doriath to protect them from the incessant raids of the orcs . There Beleg joined him. Since then, the sword became the main weapon of Turin, and in addition he wore the Dragon Helmet of Dor Lomin, which is why the orcs began to fear him.

At the age of 20 years ^{[And 4] [And 5]} , Turin was indirectly guilty of the death of Saeros , the royal adviser. He showed his disdain for Turin during a meal in the halls of Menegroth, taunting his untidy appearance and uttering mocking words about his mother, for which Turin threw a goblet in Saeros’s face, which injured him and infuriated him. Saeros later escorted Turin in the forest and rushed at an unarmed man with a sword and a shield in his hands. Turin nevertheless prevailed in that battle, took away his weapon and drove Saeros naked through the forest, wanting to avenge the humiliation. The elf decided that Turin wanted to kill him, and fled so fast that he did not notice the gorge stretching in his path. At the last moment, Saeros tried to jump over him, but as a result fell onto the sharp stones that were at the bottom of the abyss, and died.

Turin did not wait for the royal court, partly because of fear of punishment, partly because of pride and obstinacy, backed up by the words of Mablung, who immediately accused Turin of the death of the elf and condemned it even before he figured out what had happened. Thingol, after studying all the circumstances of the case and thanks to the testimony of Nellas, who saw how Saeros attacked first, forgave Turin and sent Beleg in search of him to declare his forgiveness and urged him to return to Doriath. At the same time, Beleg, with the permission of the king, armed himself, in addition to his famous bow, with a black sword Anglahl , which was once given to Thingol Eol by the Dark Elf as a gift for the right to own the forest of Nan Elmoth .

Turin - leader of the robbers

In the meantime, Turin, not knowing this, went farther west, until he came across a gang of robbers who lived in the forests south of the Teiglin River . Turin joined their squad, confirming his strength and skills, killing their best warrior, firing an arrow at him without the order of the commander. At that time Turin did not want to go anywhere, nor try to reason the robbers, and so he did little to prevent constant robberies and raids on the farms of peaceful settlers. A year later, in an attempt to save the forester's daughter Larnach, Turin accidentally killed Forveg, the leader of the detachment, mistaking him for an orc. Then he demanded that he be given a dominant place and thus Turin became the leader of a band of robbers. ^{[And 6]}

Soon Beleg Kutalion found a detachment in the wilderness, just at a time when Turin was absent from the camp. Beleg did not receive a warm welcome from the robbers, and when Turin returned, he saw his best friend, who was barely alive, tied to a tree, which subsequently forced Turin to abandon lawlessness and since then pursue only Angband's servants. He rejected Beleg’s advice to return to Doriath, after which the elf went back to Menegroth . A little later, a gang of Turin met the dwarf dwarf Mim and his son, who was mortally wounded by an arrow by one of the members of the gang - Androg. To save his own life, Mim was forced to show the way to the dwelling on Mount Amon Rud , where the robbers settled.

After a while, Beleg returned to Turin, as he yearned for his best friend, bringing with him the lembas Melian and the Dragon Helmet. Soon, the lands around Amon Rud received the name " Land of the Bow and the Helmet ." Many warriors joined Turin and, under the leadership of the Two Leaders, Turin and Beleg, a significant part of western Beleriand was liberated. However, wearing the Dragon Helmet, Turin made himself known to Morgoth, who sent a large detachment of orcs to Amon Rud two years later. ^{[And 5]} Orcs found the dwarf Mim, and he again paid off by showing a secret approach to his dwelling. All of Turin’s comrades were killed, except for Beleg, who was left to die wounded on the upper plateau of Amon Rud. ^{[And 7]}

However, Beleg survived and went after the orcs who captured Turin. In the forest of Taur-nu-Fuin, he met Gwindor , once a noble elf from Nargothrond , who was captured in Nirnaet Arnoediad and managed to escape many years later. Together they overtook the orcs on the plain of Anthauglite . There Beleg, noiselessly destroying all the wolves guarding the camp and imperceptibly making his way to their camp, found a man bound by chains. He easily cut the shackles with his sword, but Anglahal slipped and scratched the prisoner's foot. He woke up and, seeing a vague figure with a sword above him, rushed to Beleg, grabbed his sword in a fight and stabbed the elf in the throat, mistaking his best friend for the enemy. Turin was so stunned by grief and remorse for what he had done that he lost his mind. Gwindor led him to the springs of Eitel Ivrin , where Turin was able to recover and clarity of thoughts returned to him.

Turin in Nargothrond

Together they went to Nargothrond . Anglahel's black sword now belonged to Turin, who renamed it Gurtang, the Iron of Death . Turin hid its origin and name, becoming known in the city as Mormegil or the Black Sword of Nargothrond . In Nargothrond, Gwindor met the girl whom he once loved, the daughter of King Orodreth , Finduilas . However, she fell in love with Turin, who did not reciprocate her feelings.

Turin soon became extremely influential in Nargothrond and turned out to be the king’s closest adviser. Turin tried his best to convince the elves to abandon their tactics, which consisted of stealth and to speak out against the forces of Morgoth openly. For this, a wide bridge was built in front of the Gates of Nargothrond. Soon, the elves cleared the Enemy of the entire territory between the Sirion River and Falas . However, as a result of his successes, Turin became arrogant and even ignored the warning of Val Ulmo brought by the elves Gelmir and Arminas. The bridge over Narog , contrary to the advice of Ulmo, was not destroyed, and subsequently it played a fatal role in the fate of the kingdom.

After five years since the arrival of Turin in Nargothrond, ^{[And 5]} Morgoth sent huge forces of orcs led by the dragon Glaurung against him. Turin persuaded King Orodreth to give the enemy an open battle. During the battle on the plain of Tumhalad, the forces of Nargothrond were completely destroyed, Orodreth was killed, and the wide bridge helped the forces of Morgoth freely cross the Narog River and occupy the fortress with a raid. Turin fought bravely and was the only one who could resist the horror of Glaurung, but he left the battle in order to carry away the mortally wounded Gwindor from the battlefield. Before his death, Gwindor ordered Turin to save Finduilas, prophesying that she was the only one who could possibly hide Turin from his rock.

Hurrying to free the captives, Turin was caught by the power of Glaurung's sorcerous gaze and froze motionless, unable to move. Glaurung so skillfully lied to Turin, as if his mother and sister were severely suffering in Dor Lomin, that Turin refused to pursue the orcs who had taken away the prisoners of Nargothrond and set off in search of his family.

Turin in Dor Lomin

The next year he reached Dor Lomin ^{[And 8]} , but found his old house empty and plundered. Then he went to the chambers of Broaddy, the leader of the Easterlings , under whose possession the lands of Hurin now passed. There Turin learned from Broadda ’s wife Aerin that Morven had gone to the Hidden Kingdom with her daughter before the fall of Nargothrond, because the path had become relatively safe thanks to the efforts of the Black Sword from Nargothrond. Realizing the deception of Glaurung, Turin furiously killed Broadda and, raising a rebellion, destroyed his followers who were in the house. When Turin left, Aerin burned herself alive, and the remnants of the people of the House of Hador were persecuted even more severely from that time ^{[And 9] [And 10]} .

Turin at Brethil

Then Turin tried to find Finduilas and followed the trail to Brethil. But it was too late. People living in that forest reported that Finduilas was killed when people tried to save the prisoners. At the grave of Finduilas, Turin lost his mind from grief and was unconsciously attributed to Efel Brandir. There, thanks to the healing skills of the people of Brethil, he recovered and took on a new name - Turambar , “Winner of Fate,” hoping to overcome his rock in this way.

The people of House Chalet living there were ruled by Brandir Lroma, who wanted to keep the location of their shelter secret. Turambar quickly gained trust and authority among people, and soon the will of Brandir was forgotten. Soon Turin was already gathering units to fight the orcs at the borders of the forest. At this time, he abandoned Gurtang and fought mainly with a spear and bow.

Meanwhile, Morven and Nienor lived in Doriath, but when the news of the destruction of Nargothrond and the rumors of who Mormegil actually was, reached them, they rashly went in search of Turin, accompanied by a small detachment of elves. Glaurung, who now lived in the ruined halls of Nargothrond, raised steam over the Narog River so that it was like a thick fog. A squad of elves and Morven were lost in this fog, but Nienor met the dragon and was bewitched by him, forgetting all his past. After this, Nienor fled for a long time, fleeing the orcs chasing her and reached the forest of Bretil. There Turambar found her at the grave of Finduilas. Nienor appeared before him naked, unable to speak and not remembering anything about herself. He called her Niniel, the " Tear Maiden, " and took Efel Brandir with him. There, the girl was healed by Brandir, who fell in love with her. However, Niniel and Turambar experienced feelings for each other. Turin requested her hands, but Brandir dissuaded Niniel, predicting evil. And yet, when Turambar vowed to leave the war with the orcs for Niniel, she finally married him. Turambar was soon forced to return to military affairs, as Glaurung sent the orcs to Brethil. At this time, Turin again began to fight with the sword Gurtang, fighting off attacks and commanding the people of Brandir.

The victory over Glaurung and the death of Turin

The next year, Niniel became pregnant, and in the meantime, Glaurung went to Brethil on his own. Turambar decided to ambush the dragon and strike him from below in the belly when he crosses the Gorge Kabed-en-Aras . He took with him only two companions - Dorlas and Huntor, but the first, fearing the dragon, soon left them, and the second was killed by a stone that accidentally fell from a cliff.

Turin's plan was successful - he mortally wounded Glaurung, but was defeated by the fumes of the dragon's poisonous blood, losing consciousness. When Niniel arrived at this place to find Turin, Glaurung with her last words lifted her spell and she remembered that Turambar was her brother. In horror, Nienor rushed from the edge of the gorge into the Teiglin River .

Brandir saw everything that happened, and when Turin came to his senses, told him what had happened, making fun of him, that he had more respect than love from Niniel. Refusing to believe, in a fit of anger Turin killed with the sword of an unarmed Brandir and in madness rushed to the grave of Finduilas . There he met Mablung from Doriath , who confirmed that Brandir's words were truth. In desperation, Turin rushed back to Qabed-en-Aras and, in a suicidal impulse, threw his chest on his own sword. Soon, people and elves from the Mablung detachment arrived in that place. When the body was lifted, everyone saw that Gurtang had broken in two. So all that Turin owned was gone.

Turin was buried in a high mound near the edge of Cabed en Aras in 499 of the First Age . Together with him, Gurtang, who had broken over, was put in the grave. A large stone was erected on top of the mound on which the elves inscribed in kirt , the runes of Doriath :

However, Nienor’s body was not in that grave and no one will ever know where Teiglin’s waters took him. Two years later, Morven and Hurin met for the last time in that place. Morwen died at sunset and was buried next to her son. The mound survived the War of Anger and the Flooding of Belerind, and in later Epochs it was one of the islands off the west coast of Middle-earth, called Tol Morven - Morven Island.

Fate after death

For a long time, Tolkien wrote that Turin would take part in the Last Battle before the End of the World when Morgoth returns and attacks the Valar and the Children of Iluvatar.

In the earliest version, there are such lines: " ... The purification of Turambar and Vainoni [Nienor], who travel in radiance over the world and go with the armies of Tulkas against Malco [Melkor] ." ^{[And 11]} . In the completed manuscript of the story “Turambar and Foaloke”, this is finalized to a holistic story that tells how Turin and Nienor were first not allowed into Mandos because of the things they did; but after the prayers of their parents, they were allowed to enter the " font of fire ", where the Sun replenished its light, " and so they washed themselves from all their sorrows and shame, having healed like radiant valar among the blessed ." Another detail was added: “ Turambar will stand near Fionwe [Eonve] during the Great Destruction, and Malco [Melkor] and his dragons will curse the sword of Mormakil [Gurtang] ” ^{[And 11]} .

In Tolkien's later works there is no more information about the fate of Nienor, but the history of Turin becomes even more detailed. The Early Silmarillion (also known as the “Sketch of Mythology”), published in 1926, speaks of the “spirit of Turin,” who, together with Eonwe, will fight against Morgoth and “ it must be Turin, who will kill Morgoth with his black sword " ^{[And 12]} , while in Quenta Noldorinva, written in 1930, the battle is described as follows:

On this day, Tulkas will fight with Malco [Morgoth], and Fionve [Eonve] will become on his right hand, and Turin Turambar, son of Hurin, the Winner of Fate on his left; and the black sword of Turin will cause Morgoth death and the last end; and so the children of Hurin and all the people will be avenged.

- Tolkien. J. The Shaping of Middle-earth / Ed. C. Tolkien, 1986. p. 165. - ISBN 0-395-42501-8 .

The same text says that after the victory over Morgoth, the Mandos prophecy does not say anything about people, but " only Turin is mentioned, and it calls him among the Gods ." In “Quenta the Silmarillion”, published in 1937, Turin also takes part in the Last Battle, it is said that he “ will come from the halls of Mandos ” and his sword “ will cause Morgoth death and the last end ”, but now Turin “has been given a place among the sons of the Valar ” ^{[And 13]} , although the entire proposal for Mandos’s prophecy about people, including the presence of Turin among the sons of the Valar, in“ Late Quantum the Silmarillion ”was marked with a large cross, which in Tolkien’s works means“ there are some distortions in the text, that require revision ” ^{[And 14] [And 15]} . Also, in “Late Quantum the Silmarillion”, a line from “Quent the Silmarillion” about Turin's arrival from the halls of Mandos was corrected for “ avoiding the People of Rock at the end of the World ”, and the lines with his participation in the battle against Morgoth and the death of the latter from the black sword of Turin were not neither deleted, nor labeled, corrected or replaced in any way ^{[AND 15]} .

Among the Tolkien texts written for the Narn and Hin Hurin dating back to the 1950s, there is the prophecy of Finduilas, stating that “ Adanadel [the name of Turin among the elves of Nargothrond] is powerful in the story of the World and he is destined to reach Morgoth on a distant day that will come " ^{[And 16]} . Further, in the Annals of Aman written by Tolkien in the 1950s, it was stated that the constellation Menelmakar, the Heavenly Swordsman , created by Ward, “ personified Turin Turambar ” and was “an omen of the Last Battle ” ^{[I 17]} . In one of the notes to his later text, “The Problem Has Rose,” Tolkien mentioned Andrett's prophecy, according to which Turin “ in the Last Battle will return from the dead, and before leaving the World Circles forever, he will challenge the Great Dragon of Morgoth, Ankalagon the Black , and strike him a mortal blow ” ^{[And 18]} . As Christopher Tolkien points out, the term “Last Battle” is used in the text “The Problem of Ros”, as a designation for the War of Wrath and in this latest new idea of ​​the return of Turin, Andrett predicts the Last Battle at the End of Elder Days and here we have in mind The War of Wrath, in which, before that, in all early texts, Ankalagon Black was killed by Earendil ^{[And 18]} .

Turin, as they say, was one of the most beautiful mortals that they ever lived: " dark-haired and fair-skinned, with gray eyes and a face more beautiful than all mortals who lived in Ancient Days " ^{[And 19]} . He inherited this from his mother Morven ^{[And 20]} , who came from the House of Beor, while his father, Hurin from the House of Hador, was fair-haired ^{[And 3]} . According to Gwindor, Turin was very tall, " as tall as the people of Hithlum ." Turin allegedly inherited this trait from his grandfather, Galdor Vysokii, since both Khurin ^{[I 3]} and the people of House Beor were below ^{[I 20] the} average height of the people of House Hador.

Tolkien was not consistent in describing Turin's eyes. According to some texts, “ he had the beauty of his mother and the eyes of his father ” ^{[And 21]} , which were blue ^{[And 22] [And 23]} . Another text says that Turin inherited the gray color of his mother’s eyes. ^{[And 19]} It is also said that Turin’s eyes were bright ^{[And 6]} and “ few could stand the sight of Turin, adamant or angry ” ^{[And 24]} . It is possible that Turin inherited the " elven light ... which was difficult to bear " the mother’s eye ^{[And 8]} .

At the age of five, Turin is described as follows:

He was born a dark-haired, into a mother, and, apparently, inherited her temper; for gaiety was alienated; he was laconic, although he learned to speak early and invariably seemed older than his years. Turin soon forgot the insult or ridicule; but his father’s inner flame burned in him too - Turin was also impulsive and furious. However, he also knew pity: the pain and grief of a living being touched him to tears ...

- Tolkien J.R. R. Chapter I. Childhood of Turin // Children of Khurin / Ed. K. Tolkien ; Per. from English S. Likhacheva - S. 43

The last character trait - pity - is also confirmed by the words of Finduilas : “ he has not yet awakened, but pity can enter his heart and he will never reject it. Perhaps only pity will become the doors to his soul . ” ^{[And 25]}

Turin’s hidden and reserved nature is said to have been the result of the curse of Morgoth . During Turin’s stay in Doriath “ in many ways, fate did not seem to favor him, for his plans often went to dust, and he did not achieve what he wanted; and he had few friends: he did not differ in cheerful disposition and rarely laughed ” ^{[And 4]} .

Perhaps the secretive nature of Turin in childhood was influenced by the death of his sister - Lalight, whom he experienced very hard ^{[And 3]} . Tolkien also wrote that “ since then in the face of every girl he tried to see the face of Lalight ” ^{[And 26]} and that he did not like Finduilas, because “ his heart and soul were somewhere far away, on spring streams of the distant past " ^{[And 27]} . Turin really liked Niniel only because it reminded him of Lalight ^{[And 28]} . The sorrow that Turin caused himself by accidentally killing Beleg was “ imprinted on his face and never disappeared again ” ^{[And 19]} , and in his early works Tolkien adds: “ gray hair flickered in his shaggy black hair, his pale face seemed to be marked by the deep sorrows of the past ". ^{[And 11]}

Turin was different from other people, " his speech and habits were sealed by the ancient kingdom of Doriath ." ^{[And 19]} It is possible that he used the more archaic and 'noble' form of the Sindarin language . ^{[And 2] [And 27]}

Turin is a half-breed: his father belonged to the House of Hador, whose people are “ fair, powerful, quick to anger and laugh .” Turin’s mother came from the House of Beor, whose representatives were “ sullen, smart and stubborn people, prone to pity rather than laughter ... they resembled the Noldor more and loved the Noldor more than others .” According to Thomas Schippy, professor and philologist at the University of Oxford, the struggle between two inherited stereotypes of behavior is one of the options for explaining the terrible fate of Turin. In his opinion, in the story “Narn and Khin Khurin” Turin often dominated by character traits characteristic of the House of Beor, which ultimately serves to fulfill the intentions of Morgoth ^{[I 29]} .

Shippy also notes that in dangerous situations, Turin, although alien to cowardice, is not as fearless as his father: “ my father was not afraid, and I will not be afraid; at least I will behave like my mother - if I get scared, I won’t show it . ” However, Turin does not always succeed. Dragon Glaurung, and before that, Saeros (although not knowing that) found a weak spot in Turin’s soul when he was accused of having “ left relatives ”. Turin, leaving Dor-Lomin, does not go to the Hidden Kingdom to reunite with his family, fearing that he will bring his rock back to them. “ Pride and fear, living in the souls of a son and mother, constantly separate them and prevent them from meeting ,” concludes Thomas Shippy ^{[I 29]} .

Turin was a relative of Tuor , the father of Earendil . There are many parallels between the circumstances of their lives (both lost their fathers in Nirnaet Arnoediad , were raised by elves, for some time they were both outcasts and large military leaders in elven strongholds, but they soon experienced their collapse), however, the other details and the result of Tuor's life are very different. Even the color of Turin's hair was dark, increasing its resemblance to the elf- noldor , in contrast to the blond-haired Tuor. Both never actually met, but Tuor once saw Turin in passing to Eitel Ivrin. The similar fate of Turin and Tuor - suicide and paradise - resemble the fate of two heroes of myths of Ancient Greece - Ajax and Achilles .

Turin is one of the few Tolkien legendary characters who commit suicide . The remaining heroes ending their lives with suicide are somehow connected with the history of Turin (Aerin, Nienor, Hurin).

• The name Turin , presumably, comes from the talisk language used by the edain of the House of Hador and Beor . The etymology of the name is unknown.
• Турамбар происходит из эльфийского языка квенья и обозначает Победитель Судьбы (Q. Tur — 'победитель', umbar или ambar — 'судьба') ^{[И 30]} .
• Остальные имена, которыми пользовался Турин, происходят из синдарина . Синдаринская форма имени Турамбар — Турумарт (Turumarth: S. Tur 'победитель', umarth или amarth злосчастье'), Победитель Злосчастья ^{[И 7] [И 30]} , хотя она и редко используется в текстах.
• После отъезда из Дориата , Турин пытался укрыться от рока, тяготившего над ним и скрывал своё настоящее имя. Когда он появился среди разбойников, он назвался Нейтаном ( Neithan ), Безвинно обиженный ^{[И 6]} , поскольку думал, что был изгнан из Дориата. Позже он взял имя Гортол, Грозный Шлем (Gorthol: S. gor-'ужас, страх', thôl 'шлем'.), ^{[И 31] [П 2]} , так как он тогда носил Драконий шлем Дор-Ломина .
• Когда Турин прибыл в Нарготронд , он скрыл своё имя под эпитетом, Агарваэн, сын Умарта , Запятнанный кровью, сын Злосчастья , но скоро стал известными как Аданэдель , Человек-эльф так как он значительно напоминал эльфов поведением и взглядом. ^{[И 19]} Финдуилас называла его Тхурин ( Thurin ) ^{[И 32] [И 33] [П 3]} , После перековки меча Турина, который был, по неведомой эльфам причине, чёрного цвета, он стал зваться Мормегиль (Mormegil: S. mor — «чёрный», magol или megil — «меч») или Чёрный Меч . ^{[И 30]}
• Когда он встретился в первый раз с людьми Бретиля, Турин представил себя как Лесной дикарь , но скоро взял имя Турамбар .
• Также Турин был назван Дагнир Глаурунга (Dagnir Glaurunga: S. dagnir — 'гибель'), Погибель Глаурунга . ^{[И 20] [И 30]}

Три Дома Эдайн

По мнению Хамфри Карпентера, биографа профессора Толкина, первую версию истории (включённую позже в Утраченные сказания) о злосчастном Турине Турамбаре Толкин написал, находясь в Бруклендском офицерском госпитале в Гулле , куда тот попал, заболев окопной лихорадкой на полях сражений Первой мировой войны во Франции ^{[И 34]} . К истории Турина Турамбара Толкин в дальнейшем возвращался на протяжении всей своей жизни.

Источники вдохновения

Подобие Турина персонажам средневековых рассказов может быть подтверждено письмом, которое Толкин написал Мильтону Уолдману, издателю от «Harper Collins»:

Есть «Дети Хурина», трагическая повесть о Турине Турамбаре и его сестре Ниниэль, где в качестве главного героя выступает Турин: персонаж, как сказали бы (те, кому нравятся такого рода рассуждения, хотя толку в них чуть), унаследовавший ряд черт Сигурда Вёльсунга, Эдипа и финского Куллерво.

— Карпентер, Х . «Д.Р.Р.Толкин. Письма», письмо № 131 «К Мильтону Уолдману»

Турин главным образом основан на Куллерво , персонаже карело-финского эпоса « Калевала ». Он, так же, как и Турин, был в некоторым смысле «проклят», возвращался в пустой и разграбленный дом, так же обольщал сестру и в конце убил себя, бросившись на свой меч ^{[И 29]} . Зигмунд, отец Сигурда в саге о Вёльсунгах напоминает Турина теми же действиями по отношению к своей сестре. В опере Рихарда Вагнера « Валькирия » Зигмунд и Зиглинда имеют сходство с Турином и Ниэнор. В частности, Зигмунд в первом акте оперы представляется, как Wehwalt , Запятнанный кровью , что напоминает имя, которое взял Турин в Нарготронде ^{[И 35]} . Турин Турамбар в повествовании смог одолеть огромного дракона, что, по мнению Карпентера, походит на образ самого Сигурда, а также Беовульфа ^{[И 34]} . В русском издании книги « Легенда о Сигурде и Гудрун » присутствует комментарий М. Артамоновой касательно того, что имя Сигурд ( sig-urth ) с исландского языка переводится также, как и Турамбар с квенья — Победитель Судьбы . Надпись на могиле Турина Dagnir Glaurunga , «Погибель Глаурунга», походит на прозвище Сигурда, Fafnisbani, «Погибель Фафнира» ^{[И 36]} .

Турин считает, что «в нём чего-то не хватает, и он только наполовину человек». Томас Шиппи видит в этом сходство с исландской « Сагой об Эгиле Скаллагримссоне ». Главный герой этого произведения, великан Эгиль , и его брат, светловолосый Торольфр, являются внуками оборотня Квельд-Ульфра. После смерти Торольфра Эгиль, «несущий в себе наследие чудовища, выходит из-под контроля» подобно тому, как проходит жизнь Турина после потери Лалайт ^{[И 29]} .

Турин имеет некоторые черты, присущие Элрику из произведений Майкла Муркока , который также основан на Куллерво. Оба в некоторой степени являются антигероями, оба владеют чёрными мечами, обладающими чем-то подобным разуму, оба меча имеют пару (хотя эта деталь ещё не присутствовала в самой ранней версии истории Турина, написанной в 1910-х), невольно убивают друзей, смерть обоим персонажам приносят их собственные мечи. Первые рассказы об Элрике были изданы перед « Сильмариллионом », таким образом, пара чёрных мечей, возможно, была задумана независимо обоими авторами ^{[И 37]} .

Имеется некоторое сходство с историей сэра Балина из легенд о короле Артуре . Балин знает, что владеет проклятым мечом, однако продолжает поиски, чтобы возвратить благосклонность короля Артура. Он неумышленно вызывает страдания везде, куда приходит. Судьба в конечном счёте настигает Балина, когда тот невольно убивает своего собственного брата, который в свою очередь смертельно ранил его самого ^{[И 38]} .

Турин Турамбар не выбирает собственный путь, а неотвратимо движется на встречу судьбе — это, по мнению некоторых исследователей, свидетельство использования Толкином фольклорно-эпических мотивов, а также попытки автора построить историю произведения по аналогии с «Земным Раем» Уильяма Морриса ^{[И 39]} .

Томас Шиппи заключает свой анализ персонажа Толкина следующими словами:

…следует понимать, что в своих наиболее разработанных фрагментах эта повесть выставляет для обозрения в точности ту самую разновидность тонкого внутреннего предательства, на которой оттачивал себя английский роман практически с самого своего зарождения. « Что такое судьба ?» — спрашивал Турин, когда был ребёнком. Он мог задать этот вопрос и по-другому: « Как предают героев? » Этот вопрос применим и к нему самому, в той же мере, что и к другой жертве «темного воображения» — шекспировскому Отелло . В конце концов, нельзя не заметить, что если в повести об Эоле отсвечивает « Гамлет », то на этот раз на уме у Толкина был, по-видимому, опять « Макбет ». В конце повести Турин приходит в ущелье Кабад-эн-Арас и видит, что « все деревья, и вблизи и вдали, пожелтели, и их иссохшие листья печально падают на землю ». Он вполне мог бы прокомментировать это зрелище словами Макбета: « …уже усеян / Земной мой путь листвой сухой и жёлтой ». Как и Макбет, он был пойман в ловушку пророчества, переплетённого с его же собственной внутренней слабостью, превратился из « человека » в « чудовище » и, наконец, в убийцу . Самая лучшая эпитафия, которую он мог бы для себя выбрать, — это горделивые слова Макбета:

Мой разум тверд Крепка рука моя.

Перед лицом судьбы не дрогну я.

Обе истории повествуют об ожесточении сердца.

— Шиппи Т. Тьюрин Турамбар турун'амбартанен // Дорога в Средьземелье / пер. М.Каменкович. — ISBN 5-8370-0181-6 .

Первоначальные версии имён

Идея Турина, скрывающего своё имя, чтобы избежать рока и гибели, присутствовала уже в первых версиях рассказа, хотя и в меньшей степени. Имя Турамбар присутствует в черновых версиях, где однако оно было взято Турином после его первой встречи с Глаурунгом , когда он узнал от дракона о своём проклятии. Мормегил, Чёрный Меч , также присутствует в ранних черновиках. Кроме того, Турин, назвал себя « Турамбар, сын леса », когда возвратился в Дор-Ломин ^{[И 11]} .

Толкин колебался по поводу точных переводов эльфийских прозвищ: в различных текстах более поздний Турумарт (Turumarth) появляется как Turumart, Turmarth, или Turamarth; Мормегил (Mormegil) как Mormagli или Mormael на синдарине и Mormakil на квенья ^{[И 11] [И 12] [И 40]} . Оригинальной формой « Запятнанного кровью », Агарваэн (Agarwaen), было Iarwaeth, и Thurin, «Секрет», предположительно, возник из прозвища Thuringud, «Секретный враг». ^{[И 8] [П 4]} В некоторых ранних текстах Толкин переводил Турамбар , как «Завоеватель Судьбы». ^{[И 12]}

Множество художников создали иллюстрации истории Турина. Роман «Дети Хурина» содержит изображения Алана Ли, в то время как различные издания «Сильмариллиона» и «Неоконченные Сказания» были иллюстрированы Тэдом Нэсмитом . Другие изображения были сделаны Джоном Хоу и Анке-Катрин Эйсманн.

• Куллерво — персонаж карело-финского эпоса Калевала , послуживший прототипом для Турина Турамбара.
• Летоисчисление в Арде — 464—499 Годы Солнца Первой Эпохи .
• Белег Куталион — лучший друг Турина, которого тот убил, приняв за врага.

• Карпентер, Х. Джон Р. Р. Толкин. Биография = JRR Tolkien. A Biography / Под ред. С. Лихачевой; Пер. from English А. Хромовой. -М .: ЭКСМО-Пресс , 2002. — 432 с. - 10,000 copies. — ISBN 5-04-008886-8 .
• Карпентер, Х. Джон Рональд Руэл Толкин. Письма = The Letters of JRR Tolkien / Под ред. С. Таскаевой; Пер. from English С. Лихачевой. - М .: ЭКСМО-Пресс , 2004. — 576 с. - 3,000 copies. — ISBN 5-699-05080-9 .
• Королёв К. Толкиен и его мир: Энциклопедия. - М .: Локид-Пресс, 2005. — С. 296—299. — 494 с. — 7100 экз. — ISBN 5-98601-018-3 .

• Шиппи, Т. Тьюрин Турамбар турун'амбартанен // Дорога в Средьземелье = The Road to Middle-Earth / Пер. from English М. Каменкович. - СПб .: Лимбус Пресс, 2003. — 824 с. - 2,000 copies. — ISBN 5-8370-0181-6 .
• Толкин Дж. Р. Р. Дети Хурина = The Children of Húrin / Под ред. К. Толкина ; Пер. from English С. Лихачевой. - М .: АСТ-Москва , 2008. — 313 с. - 25,000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-9713-8948-4 .
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• Tolkien. JRR The War of the Jewels / Ed. C. Tolkien . - Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994 .-- 500 p. - (The History of the Middle-Earth). - ISBN 0-395-71041-3 .