Tamaulipas

The name Tamaulipas comes from Tamaholipa - the Huastec term, in which tam- is the prefix meaning there ( English place where ), and the holipa element has several interpretations. Some linguists translate this word as “high mountains”, while others “pray, pray.” Thus, Tamaulipas can be translated as “where there are high mountains” or “where there is a lot of prayer” (with the compatibility of these options with the fact that mountains in many cultures are sacred places of the gods) ^[2] .

Located in the north-east of the country. In the west and south, it borders with the states of Mexico Nuevo Leon , San Luis Potosi and Veracruz , in the north has a long border with the United States ( Texas ), in the east it is washed by the Gulf of Mexico. The relief features of Tamaulipas are vast plains, which rise slightly in the southwest. There are the foothills of the Eastern Sierra Madre (Sierra Madre Oriental) with the most significant peaks: in the Sierra Pedragoso (3280 m); to Sierra Borregos (3240 m); in the Sierra La Gloria (3220 m); Cerro el Nacimiento (Cerro el Nacimiento) (3180 m); and in Sierra el Pinal (3000 m) above sea level. The main rivers of the state belong to the Gulf of Mexico basin: the border Rio Bravo (in the USA Rio Grande) (río Bravo), Conchos (río Conchos), Purificacion (río Purificación), Guayalejo (río Guayalejo) and Rio Salado (río Salado). The climate in Tamaulipas is dry and semi-dry in the center, in the north and northwest and humid in the south, southeast. Average temperatures range from +15 ° C (in January) and +28.5 ° C (in July) in Matamoros (northeast) and +18 ° C (in January) and +29 ° C (in July) - in Tampico (southeast). The average annual rainfall is from 891 mm per year.

The state of Tamaulipas "leads Mexico in the level of violence associated with the drug business" ^{[3] [4]} .

Archaeological excavations of non-Aztec culture of the 3rd — 11th centuries ^[five]

Pre-Colonial Age

The most ancient of the settlers who settled on the territory of the modern state were the few nomadic Indians who came here from the prairies of North America. The area, now known as Tamaulipas, was inhabited at least 12,000 years ago. Several cultures (north-coastal, south-coastal, lowland and mountainous) succeeded each other during these years. However, they did not leave behind any written sources. Archaeological evidence suggests that the natives domesticated corn, and thus began an agricultural life among permanent residents. There were three cultural areas in Tamaulipas - the peoples of the Sierra Madre, the peoples of the Sierra de Tamaulipas and the Huasteca . The latter left more traces of their life than others. The Uasteks settled in the lower reaches of the Guayalejo-Tamesí River and the mountain valleys of Tanguanchín and Tammapul. Politically, they did not form a state, but were only a union of possessions. The Uastians were skilled craftsmen and had complex religious cosmology, to the extent that they accepted Quetzalcoatl as the supreme god. In the 15-16 centuries. the Ouestecs were moved by waves of warlike nomads to the Pánuco River, so that during the Spanish conquests the Ouestecs no longer resided in their territories. During the Spanish conquests, pisones lived in the Sierra Madre mountains, who also diversified their agriculture. In the north of Tamaulipas on the Texas border, in the Arid America (Aridoamerica) region, there were groups that were collectively called chichimecs . The dominant language here was Coahuiltec. This territory was the stripland of hunter-gatherer Indians who roamed the plains, especially near streams. In 1445-66, the Aztecs, led by Emperor Montezuma I, subjugated the region and collected tributes here, although the Comanches and Apaches never obeyed the invaders.

Colonial era

In the second decade of the 16th century the Spaniards conquered the Aztecs, and almost all of Mexico. Although conquistador E. Cortés conquered the Aztecs quite quickly, the conquest of the Tamaulipas Indians took a gradual process in the 16th and 17th centuries. The captain G. Gonzalo de Sandoval sent by him subdued and reconciled the warlike Indians with great difficulty. The first permanent Spanish settlement in the area was Tampico in 1554. Further settlement took place under the leadership of the Franciscan missionaries, although there were constant uprisings of the Indians. Amerigo Vespucci - a famous Italian cartographer visited the territory of Tamaulipas and noted that the locals called their land Lariab. In colonial times, these vast lands were known under other names: the Kingdom of Guasteca (Reino Guasteca), the Province of Amichel and Garayana (Provincia de Amichel y Tierra Garayana), the Province of Panuco (Provincia de Pánuco), Comarca Paul, Alifau, and Osinan ( Comarca de Paul, de Alifau y Ocinan), Medanos de la Magdalena, the Coast of the Mexican Lowlands (Costa del Seno Mexicano), the New Kingdom of Leon (Nuevo Reino de León) and the New Santander (Nuevo Santander). The name Tamaulipas (mission of Tama Holipa) was given to the area by father A. de Olmos (Andrés de Olmos) in 1544.

The conquered peoples were housed in enkomjendy, where they worked for several weeks a year in Spanish farms. Due to the constant raids of the nomads, the missions were almost deserted, and the economy of the territory almost did not develop. In 1732, Count José de Escandón, Count of Sierra Gorda, arrived in the region and developed an aggressive colonization and pacification program that extended to neighboring Nuevo Reynaud de Leon. The modern territory of Tamaulipas was in 1746 included in the vast province of New Spain under the name Nuevo Santander. The local capital during this period moved from Santander to San Carlos, and finally to Aguayo.

For most of the colonial period, the region’s economy suffered from countless rebel raids that were enslaved or killed. From the moment the colony was founded, it was politically, economically, judicially and militarily, until 1785, depended on the Audience of Mexico City and the Viceroy. Three provinces were formed that year, one of them in the east was Nuevo Santander. Escandon, to fight the Indians, organized military defense of 13 units. In 1727, the Pame and Honase Indians were pacified.

In 1810, when the Mexican War of Independence began, the provincial leadership instructed Colonel M. Iturbe to assemble an army to fight the uprising. However, he gathered troops to fight for independence and captured the capital of San Carlos. On April 12, 1811, the rebels led by L. Herrera y Blanca were defeated, and on May 19, led by H. de Villerias on the Colorado River. The riots in Nuevo Santander were different - military uprisings took place in Tula and Palmillas, while a genuine revolution took place in Tula. December 4, 1810 B. Gomez de Lara (Bernardo Gómez de Lara), better known as "Huacal" ("Huacal"), Martin and Lucas Zuniga (Mateo y Lucas Zúñiga) and M. Gomez de Lara (Martín Gómez de Lara) took Tulu. This occupation was temporary, since in May 1811 royalist troops under the command of J. de Arredondo recaptured the city. F.H. Mina (Francisco Javier Mina) - one of the leaders of the insurgents - met in London with the priest S.T. de Mier (Servando Teresa de Mier), who was planning a naval expedition to Mexico to contribute to the struggle for independence. In May 1816, Mina, Mier, and 32 Italian, Spanish, and English officers sailed from Liverpool to America. April 17, 1817 they landed on the banks of the Nuevo Santander. The detachment gradually occupied the towns upstream of the Pesca River.

Age of Independence

After Mexico achieved independence in 1821, Nuevo Santander was renamed Tamaulipas and became part of the territory of the Mexican Empire, Agustin Iturbide . In 1824, after the adoption of the federal constitution, Tamaulipas was one of the 19 states that founded the Mexican Federation. The first governor of the state was E.K. Suarez (Enrique Camilo Suárez). On May 6, 1825, the first state constitution was adopted.

For most of the XIX century. In Tamaulipas, as throughout Mexico, there was a fierce and sometimes bloody struggle between liberals - supporters of the federal structure of the state, and conservatives - supporters of a centralized and unitary structure of the country. The state for a long time was neither political nor economic stability. In 1825, the state capital was named Ciudad Victoria in honor of President G. Victoria (Guadalupe Victoria). In the period from 1830 to 1848 in the state, during the period of chaos and instability, several uprisings took place. In 1836, as a result of the war, Texas separated from Mexico and declared its independence and the proclamation of a republic. The new republic announced its claims in northern Tamaulipas. Under these conditions, separatist sentiments intensified in the state. During the war with Texas, separatists entered the cities of Laredo, Matamoros and Guerrero. The background to this conflict was that in 1833 General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana was elected President of Mexico; throughout his first tenure, he maintained the federal status of Mexico. However, after some members of the government opposed the president’s new political allies, Santa Ana decided to begin the process of forming a single centralized state. The president suspended the Mexican constitution, dissolved Congress, and thus concentrated dictatorial powers in his hands. This led to rebellions and the emergence of separatist movements throughout the country, the most successful of which was the Texas Revolution . Less successful attempts to secede from Mexico were the founding of the Republic of Zacatecas and the Republic of Yucatan . At the same time, various gangs appeared in the country, striving to expand slavery. Many caudillos who initiated rebellions and separatist movements also participated in them; later, many separatist movements grew into violent seizures of territories. On January 17, 1840, a meeting of Mexican politicians from the states of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas was held at the Oreveña ranch near Laredo. They advocated the start of an uprising against the federal government, secession from Mexico and the creation of a new three-state federation with a capital in Laredo . However, neither the congresses nor the governments of the three states supported the efforts of the rebellious aristocrats. They requested help from the federal government in Mexico City and permission to convene troops to suppress the rebellion. President Rio Grande was proclaimed J. de Cardenas (Jesús de Cárdenas). After the meeting, the government moved to Nueva Ciudad Guerrero in the state of Tamaulipas for security reasons. After the battle of Morales in March 1840, the government moved to the city of Victoria in Texas, where it remained until the defeat of the uprising and the liquidation of the republic in November of that year. In 1844, the United States recognized the Republic of Texas , and the following year it became part of the North American United States. Then the war broke out between the United States and Mexico. In 1848, after the war, the northern border of Tamaulipas was moved far south, onto the Rio Grande River, which led to the loss of more than a quarter of the territory under the Guadalupe-Hidalgo treaty .

During the War of Reform , bloody clashes took place in Tamaulipas. The French occupation and rule of Emperor Maximilian during the 1860s was difficult for Tamaulipas, especially in Tampico and at the borders. Parts of the state supported Republicans under the command of B. Juarez in the fight against the French, especially in the north. For two years, Tamaulipas resisted the French until he was annexed to the empire. In 1866, the French left the country, and Mexico again became a republic. However, the years after the defeat of Maximilian were devoted to rebuilding the economy of Tamaulipas.

During the presidency of P. Diaz (Porfirio Díaz), the state enjoyed peace and stability. International trade began to flourish, especially with the introduction of railways and the development of the port of Tampico. The railroad allowed goods to quickly reach their destinations, especially from the mines and cities of the state's internal territories and the Texas border to the port of Tampico. This, in turn, caused significant growth in cities such as Matamoros and Nuevo Laredo. Investors, entrepreneurs, pioneers and adventurers have flooded the sparsely populated areas of the state. The industrial development of the state was slow and the economy was based on raw materials, livestock and agriculture. Universities were opened at the end of the porphyriate era in Tamaulipas.

After the revolution of 1910-17 , when bloody battles took place in the state, successive governments devoted themselves to the development of the construction industry and infrastructure, including communications and the education system. Since the late 1920s, the right-socialist Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) has been in power in Tamaulipas, candidates from which were elected as governor. Governor N. Trevigno (Norberto Treviño Zapata) founded the university system, in addition, reformed the state oil industry. M. Gomez (Marte Gómez) provided significant support to farmers and family farms. The reign of E.M. Manatou (Emilio Martínez Manautou) led to industrial growth. In the 2000s, fishing strengthened. After the signing of the Free Trade Agreement with the USA ( NAFTA ) in 1994, trade turnover increased significantly.

The state of Tamaulipas consists of 43 municipalities, which are managed from administrative centers located in large settlements of these municipalities.

The state is economically divided into two regions: Northern Tamaulipas and Southern Tamaulipas. The economy of Northern Tamaulipas is based on agriculture. This region is the patrimony of many textile enterprises. Crops such as corn, cotton, wheat, sorghum, citrus fruits, sunflowers, sugarcane are grown. Cattle and sheep, goats, pigs and poultry are bred. The economy of South Tamaulipas is based on petrochemical industries. Tourism and fishing are developed. The state has a developed infrastructure. In the structure of GDP, industry accounts for 21%, services - 17%, trade - 19%, transport - 14%, finance - 13%, agriculture - 9%, construction - 6% and mining - 1%. About 350 so-called maquiladoras, small assembly plants operating on the US market, operate along the US border.

The state emblem is a shield divided horizontally into two unequal parts. In the upper small part, the image is divided in half by a small shield superimposed on it. This shield is the family coat of arms of don José de Escandon, Count of Sierra Gorda, Viscount de Escandon - the founder of the colony and city of Ciudad Victoria. This emblem was created between 1749 and 1751 and entered the state emblem for its asceticism, humanitarian and civilizational work. The shield of his coat of arms is divided into four equal parts by a golden cross. In the first and third quarters, on the scarlet field, azure fortress towers. In the second azure field, a golden eagle, in the fourth, also a azure - a golden vessel with a flag. In the right heraldic part in the blue field are the images of the main agricultural crops - corn, sorghum, citrus fruits, reed and agave. In the left, on the red field, there are three main animals that are bred in Tamaulipas - a bull, a zebu and a goat. For the most part - a stylized image of the state landscape. The sea, fish, ship - symbolize fishing, the tractor plowing the field - agricultural mechanization, the oil rig and capacity - the petrochemical industry. In the background against a cloudy sky is Mount Cerro del Bernal. Tamaulipas State does not have an approved flag. Often used a white panel with a coat of arms in the center.

• Pospelova N.M., Chesnokova O.S. Toponymy of Mexico: names of states and their capitals // Bulletin of the Russian University of Friendship of Peoples. Series: Russian and Foreign Languages ​​and the Methodology of Their Teaching: Journal. - 2005. - No. 1 . - S. 227-237 .

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