Ammunira ( Hamuniri ; date. Ammu-nira ) - king of Berita in the second half of the XIV century BC. e.
| Ammunira | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| date fruit. Ammu-nira | |||||||
| |||||||
| Predecessor | Yapa Adda | ||||||
| Successor | ? | ||||||
| Death | XIV century BC e. | ||||||
Content
Biography
Ammunira is known from letters preserved in the Amarna Archive . It is mentioned in five documents (letters No. 136-138, 141 and 143) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .
On the date of receipt by Ammunir of power over Berit, information in historical sources has not been preserved. In the Amarna Epistles, another ruler of this city, Yapa-Adda , an opponent of King Bibl Rib-Addi, is mentioned. Since it is known that Ammunira owned Berith at the very end of the reign of this biblical monarch, it is likely that he was the successor to Yap-Adda on the throne. Based on the time of the death of Rib-Addi - the middle of the XIV century BC. e. - The reign of Ammunira dates from the second half of the same century [7] [8] [9] .
In letters from the Amarna Archive it is reported that Ammunira owned a small kingdom, the center of which was the city of Berith. From the messages testifies that Ammunira recognized himself as a ruler, subject to the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten . The predecessor of Ammunira, the king of Yapa-Adda, is mentioned in documents from Amarna as an enemy of Rib-Addi and an ally of the enemies of the Egyptians, the habiru and the ruler Amurru Aziru . However, the new Beritian ruler immediately upon accession to the throne refused to cooperate with the opponents of Akhenaten and entered into an alliance with King Byblos. As a result, already in the first three letters of Ammunira sent to the pharaoh, a serious threat to his possessions from Asira was mentioned. In other epistles, the ruler of Berith is called an ally of Rib-Addi, in whom the Biblical king took refuge after the overthrow from the throne by his own younger brother [K 1] . Promising large sums of money to King Berith and the Egyptian pharaoh, Rib-Addi tried to receive military assistance from these rulers to regain power over the Bible . However, all his efforts were unsuccessful. Moreover, Ammunira entered into negotiations with the enemy of the former Biblical king, ruler Amurru Azir, who threatened the security of his own possessions. Fearing to fall into the hands of his enemies, Rib-Addi was forced to hurry away from Berith to Sidon . He soon died during his wanderings around the Levant [8] [13] [14] .
The further fate of Ammunira is unknown. He probably ruled for some time, since other rulers of Berith were not reported in documents from Amarna. In subsequent centuries, when mentioning Bury in the sources, only “people of the city”, that is, the urban aristocracy, were called as its rulers. This probably indicates that in ancient times in Bury there was an oligarchic form of government [6] .
Comments
- ↑ It is believed that this unnamed source named Ryb -Addi's younger brother could have been Ilirabih [10] [11] [12] .
Notes
- ↑ EA 136 . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative . Date of treatment January 8, 2018.
- ↑ EA 137 . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment January 8, 2018.
- ↑ EA 138 . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment January 8, 2018.
- ↑ EA 141 . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment January 8, 2017.
- ↑ EA 143 . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment January 8, 2017.
- ↑ 1 2 Lipiński E. Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique . - Leuven / Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 1995 .-- P. 117. - ISBN 978-9-0683-1690-2 .
- ↑ Cohen R., Westbrook R. Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations . - Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. - P. 214. - ISBN 978-0-8018-7103-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 Kassir S. Beirut . - University of California Press, 2011. - P. 38. - ISBN 978-0-5202-7126-5 .
- ↑ Naʼaman, 2005 , p. 56 & 61.
- ↑ Shifman I. Sh. Phoenician Mariners. - M .: Nauka , 1965 .-- S. 26.
- ↑ Reallexikon der Assyriologie / Weidner E., Soden W. von. - Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1957-1971. - Bd. 3 .-- S. 674.
- ↑ Naʼaman, 2005 , p. 53.
- ↑ Tsirkin Yu. B. From Canaan to Carthage. - M .: LLC Astrel Publishing House; LLC Publishing House AST, 2001. - S. 70–72. - ISBN 5-17-005552-8 .
- ↑ Naʼaman, 2005 , p. 104-105.
Literature
- Naʼaman N. Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE . - Eisenbrauns, 2005 .-- 410 p. - ISBN 978-1-5750-6113-9 .
Links
- Middle East Kingdoms. Ancient Central Levant States. Biruta (Beirut) The History Files. Date of treatment January 8, 2018.
- The Encyclopedia of El Amarna Research Tool (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment January 8, 2018. Archived on September 3, 2011.