Tarashkevitsa , classical spelling [1] [2] [3] ( Belorussian. Tarashkevitsa, classic / blasphemy rights [4] [5] [6] ) - a variant of the Belarusian spelling (in a broader sense - grammar or language norm [7] [ 8] ), based on the literary norm of the modern Belarusian language , the first normalization of which was made by Bronislav Tarashkevich in 1918 and officially operated before the reform of the Belarusian spelling in 1933 [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [ 15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] .
The name "Tarashkevitsa" is intended to emphasize the closeness of the official spelling of the Belarusian language to the closeness of this language norm to the work of Bronislaw Tarashkevich in 1918 and, possibly, appeared before the Second World War [12] . The name “classical (spelling)” was introduced by Valentin Vecherko [12] around 1994 and is used as a synonym with priority use [21] .
In 2005, with the release of the book “Belarusian Classical Spelling. Code of Practice ”was made the modernization of the Tarashkevits.
On April 27, 2007, IANA assigned taraskevica its own language subtag “tarask” (full designation: be-tarask) [22] .
Content
History
In 1918, before the declaration of independence of the Belarusian People’s Republic, there was a need for codification of the Belarusian language. The leading Belarusian linguists presented several projects:
- “Biełaruskaja hramatyka dla škoł” by Bronislaw Tarashkevich (the Cyrillic version was released in the same year, but later the Latin version [23] );
- "Hramatyka biełaruskaj mowy" Boleslav Pacepki ;
- "Biełaruski prawapis" by Anton Lutskevich and Jan Stankevich ;
- “Prosty sposab stacca u karotkim časie hramatnym” by Rudolf Abicht and Jan Stankevich.
As a result, preference was given to the codification of Tarashkevich, which was due to the following factors: the grammar of Tarashkevich was the most thorough; it covered most spelling collisions; to a greater extent continued the practice of the Belarusian press of the previous period; contained exercises that were useful for didactic purposes; appeared on the order of the Belarusian political elite [16] .
Tarashkevich’s grammar has become the most successful practice of highlighting the basic laws of the Belarusian language. All subsequent projects and reforms of the Belarusian language were based on this particular codification [24] .
In 1933, a reform of the Belarusian spelling was carried out. Spelling reform was not adopted outside the BSSR , primarily in Western Belarus , as well as by Belarusian centers in Latvia , Prague and Berlin [12] for a number of reasons. In particular, the Belarusian Scientific Society in Vilnius at its extraordinary meeting on October 31, 1933 adopted a resolution against reform, which indicated its Russification focus and weak scientific foundation. This was the reason for the appearance of two variants of the Belarusian spelling, one of which was used in the BSSR , and the other beyond.
Among the reasons for not accepting the reform of the Belarusian spelling of 1933 were the following:
- the reform was preceded by intensified Stalinist purges and repressions among the Belarusian intelligentsia [12] [17] ;
- The reform project was developed by a special “Political Commission for the revision of the Russian-Belarusian dictionary and new rules for spelling the Belarusian language”, which did not include a single linguist [25] . As modern Belarusian philologists emphasize, the drafters of the new set of rules were guided primarily by political rather than philological considerations [26] ;
- The project was approved by the Council of People's Commissars of the BSSR without public discussion [12] [16] ;
- the reform was carried out in conditions of severe terror. So, philologist S. Zaprudsky points to the following fact:
| The decision of the Council of People's Commissars symbolized for contemporaries an unswerving will to bring the Belarusian language closer to Russian “at any cost” [27] . |
- Belarusian philologists and historians point out that the reform artificially [26] [28] [29] [30] brought the Belarusian language closer to Russian. According to Dmitry Savko, the political commission that carried out the reform took from the previous academic project of 1933 all the clauses providing for rapprochement with the Russian language, and the rest either radically reworked toward approaching the norms of the Russian language, or did not take it into account at all [31] . Candidate of Philological Sciences Igor Klimov writes:
| The Bolshevik state <...> regarded the language as an object of special manipulations aimed at achieving certain, not at all linguistic goals. An important area of such manipulations since 1930 has been the consolidation of Russian influence in the norms of the literary languages of other peoples of the USSR . This increased cultural homogeneity among the peoples of the Soviet empire, muffled their aspirations for separatism , and promoted their cultural and linguistic assimilation . Since the 1930s, the Belarusian language has become a victim of such a policy. Its further development was carried out not as a result of internal necessity or real use, but was predetermined by the political conjuncture of the Soviet state [12] . |
As a result of the 1933 reform, more than 30 phonetic and morphological features inherent in the Russian language were introduced into the Belarusian language [4] . Modern Belarusian philologists emphasize the fact that the new rules introduced by the 1933 reform distorted the established norms of the Belarusian literary language by artificial, unnatural and compulsory imposition of Russian language rules on them [26] .
After the 1933 reform, Tarashkevitsa continued to be used by Belarusian emigration. As the newspaper Belarus notes, not a single Belarusian-language publication that appeared outside the BSSR used the official version of the Belarusian language [4] . At the same time, discarding all academic development after 1933 (which, however, was characterized by inconsistent official standards and lack of consistency in written practice [32] ), the Belarusian emigration community retained all the grammar problems that existed before 1933, without adhering to it a single set of rules (a discussion of Jan Stankevich and M. Sednev in the early 1950s, the policy of the publishing house "Fatherland" and others).
Late 1980s - 2000s
During perestroika , in the late 1980s, a movement was launched to return the Tarashkevitsa norms along with a review of the results of the 1933 reform.
In 1988, the newspaper Literatura i Mastatstva published an open letter from young Belarusian writers entitled Repressed Spelling ( Belorussian Represavany pravpis ) urging editors of literary publications not to change the spelling in the authors' texts. The appeal was signed by Ales Astashonak , Adam Globus , Vladimir Orlov , Leonid Dranko-Maysyuk , Syarzhuk Sokolov-Voyush , Anatoly Sys and others. [33] In the 1990s, Vyacheslav Adamchik and Vasil Bykov were the first to write in Tarashkevits [33] .
In the early 1990s, some periodicals, for example, Svaboda , Pagonya , Nasha Niva , began to use spelling , in which some of the problems of Belarusian spelling and grammar were resolved in their form until 1933, primarily the “question soft sign ”,“ Latinism ”and“ Greekism in a Western way ”. The ban on publishing in alternative spelling was then lifted. In 1996, the newspaper “Svaboda” was published by Tarashkevitsa and at the same time had a circulation of up to 100 thousand copies [33] . In the late 1990s, some of the publications intended for the general reader, such as Svaboda ( Minsk ) and Pagonya ( Grodno ), switched to the official version of the grammar. At the same time, in particular, the circulation of the newspaper Svaboda gradually fell, reaching a reduction of 20 times, and as a result the publication ceased to exist [33] .
In the period from 1999 to 2003, a newspaper was published in Tarashkevits by the Federation of Anarchists of Belarus - Navinki, which thematically represented a political and social satire . The publication was the only anarchist publication in the world that was officially issued with permission from the authorities (this fact became one of the phenomena of the reign of A. Lukashenko in Belarusian history). The editor-in-chief of the newspaper is Pauliuk (Pavel) Kanavalchik.
Among the editors of such publications there was no unified approach to which particular set of previous grammar and vocabulary rules to use, although calls were made for unification, in particular V. Vecherko (publications in the journal Spadchyna in 1991 and 1994, the project “Modernization of Classical Spelling” "In 1995). Also, in order to normalize the language of authors, editors and publishers who switched to Tarashkevitsa, a meeting of journalists and publishers users of Tarashkevits was held in Vilnius on June 14, 1992. In December 1998, a conference was held in Prague to streamline the tarashkevitsa, in which two dozen Belarusian linguists, writers, journalists and other users of the tarashkevits took part [34] .
This issue caused a split in the Belarusian-speaking society, with views that ranged from undeniable support to an equally undeniable rejection, with expressions of differences in discussions on the pages of the newspaper Nasha Slovo , then published by the Belarusian Language Society named after Francis Skorina (1992-1993), or in the questionnaire of the magazine "ARCHE Pachatak" ( 2003 ).
The main publications of Belarusians in Eastern Poland , for example, the newspaper Niva , did not occupy a certain position on this issue and continued to use official spelling. In 1992-1993 The State Commission on Spelling was convened, whose task was to develop recommendations on the issue of returning pre-reform provisions to the official language norm. The final recommendations, published on September 13, 1994, stated that although the return of some pre-reform norms might be desirable, the time for such changes was not appropriate [35] .
After 1994, supporters of Tarashkevits continued their publishing activities and worked on internal codification based on the project of V. Vecherko.
Since the second half of the 1990s, a group of scientists from the Institute of Linguistics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and teachers from a number of Minsk universities, headed by academician Alexander Podluzhny, prepared three versions of a draft change in the spelling of the Belarusian language, which suggested returning some of the rules of Tarashkevits to the official Belarusian spelling. However, in 2006, when developing the ministerial draft of the new rules of the Belarusian language (adopted by the House of Representatives of the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus as the Law of the Republic of Belarus “Ab Rules of Belarusian Arfagraphy and Punctuation” on October 24, 2007), only part of these proposals was taken into account [36] .
In the 1990s, the Roman Catholic Church of Belarus used Tarashkevitsa in religious literature.
On May 29, 1998, the State Committee of the Republic of Belarus on the press issued a warning to the newspaper Nasha Niva, which used a tarashkevitsa, for violating official language standards. On December 22, 1998, the Supreme Economic Court of the Republic of Belarus canceled this warning on the grounds that the Belarusian legislation does not contain requirements for the mandatory application of the official rules of Belarusian spelling and punctuation, securing the right for Nasha Niva newspaper to be published in Tarashkevitsa [2] .
On April 27, 2007, IANA assigned taraskevica its own language subtag “tarask” (full designation: be-tarask) [22] .
In 2008, the print version of the Nasha Niva newspaper switched to the release in the official normative version of grammar. In the same year, the Russian-language newspaper Sovetskaya Belorussia, the press organ of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Belarus , noted transmission of answers in an interview with Tarashkevitsa [37] [38] .
At the same time, starting from 1957, the official spelling of the Belarusian language gradually takes on the features of a tarashkevitsa and evolves towards the standard of a tarashkevitsa [6] .
2005 Proposal
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, due to the variability of certain language rules in publications and mass media using tarashkevitsa, there was a need to streamline spelling. In this regard, for several years a working group of four people was engaged in the preparation and improvement of the collection of the rules of the Tarashkevitsa, as a result of which the book “Belarusian Classical Spelling. Modern Normalization ”, in which an attempt was made to normalize the Tarashkevitsa. One of its features was a change in the alphabet (adding the optional letter “ ґ ”).
The goal of the working group was to create a publication for a wide range of readers: for journalists, editors, writers and scientists, as well as for ordinary users. The main focus was on the complex problems of Belarusian spelling, and the points that usually do not raise questions among users were indicated without a detailed consideration.
The rules collection is based on the spelling project by Vintsuk Vecherko , published in 1995, as well as on the results of its public discussion at the Prague Conference (December 5-6, 1998). A group of conference participants gathered regularly from spring 2000, and a group with a permanent composition of participants formed in the fall of 2002. In total, over 5 meetings have been held over 200 meetings. In late August - early September 2004, an open questionnaire was conducted on the most controversial spelling issues, the results of which were taken into account in the draft Rules Meeting. The draft of the Meeting was sent to twenty-seven specialists - linguists, writers, to interested institutions - for review. The final version was approved in early March 2005 [6] .
The normalization of Tarashkevits was adopted by the main publications on Tarashkevits - the Nasha Niva newspaper , the Arche magazine, the Belarusian services of Radio Liberty and Polish Radio . In addition, this option for normalizing spelling is used in the Belarusian section of Wikipedia on tarashkevitsa ( be-tarask:) .
The absence of declarative information about the specific variant of the Belarusian language spelling used in the media and in publications of literary works in Tarashkevits does not make it possible to unequivocally say about the acceptance or rejection of the systematization option for Tarashkevits in 2005, but an analysis of such publications allows us to judge what is currently used in editions of the norm of the tarashkevitsa in essence correspond or are close to the normalization of the tarashkevits 2005
Tarashkevitsa today
Despite the official non-recognition of Tarashkevitsa in Belarus, more and more fiction is published on Tarashkevitsa, which, according to the authors who write on it, is much better than the official spelling reflects the specificity of the Belarusian language. Many Belarusians, mainly representatives of the intelligentsia, condemn the reform of the Belarusian spelling in 1933 and are critical of the spelling norms that it enshrines, which negatively affect the Belarusian pronunciation, which is especially pronounced when working with children in elementary school [4] .
Literature
Today, a significant part of Belarusian-language literary works is published in Tarashkevitsa, scientific literature and literature for children are published, translations of foreign literature are published, musical works and translations of Belarusian films and cartoons are issued. In particular, translations of Kurt Vonnegut , Yuri Andrukhovich and others were published on Tarashkevits. In 2008-2009, the John Tolkien trilogy “ The Lord of the Rings ” ( Belorussian. Uladar parsentsenka ) was published [39] . In 2002, the Bible was published in the translation of Vasil Semuha in Minsk [40] . From 1973 to 2012, the Old Testament of the Bible in the Belarusian language existed only in Tarashkevits [33] . In 2012, a translation of the Bible “Bible. Knigi Svyatog Pisannya Starog i Novaga Zapavetaў ”based on the manuscripts of Vladislav Chernyavsky, which in the author’s edition were also created on the basis of a tarashkevitsa [41] .
In 1993, the first part of the translation of the James Ulysses novel by James Joyce was published in Bialystok . The full translation of the novel into the Belarusian language was completed a decade and a half later and was performed in Tarashkevits. As the translator of the novel observes, Yan Maksimyuk, when he plunged headlong into the translation of Ulysses, he was looking for an adequate “language space” that would reflect the linguistic-stylistic features of the novel. As Maksimyuk notes, Tarashkevitsa turned out to be a relaxed language system that gave a wide scope and a strong impulse for the translation searches of a new word and phrase [42] .
Internet
The most significant feature of Belarusian-language Internet resources is the predominant use of an innovative version of the modern literary Belarusian language and gibberish as a spelling. According to the candidate of philological sciences Sergei Vazhnik, the official spelling of the Belarusian language is perceived by Baynet users as an old, inflexible, unnatural system, and Tarashkevits - on the contrary: as a flexible, open and free from "conventions" environment [43] . It is worth noting that in most Belarusian layouts the letter “ґ” is missing. This symbol is present in the universal layout of Danila Isakov , and is entered using the keyboard shortcut AltGr + Ш.
Dictionaries
In 1966, in New York / Munich, a collection of proverbs from Logoisk based on a tarashkevits was published. In 1989, the Belarusian-Russian (Great Lithuanian-Russian) dictionary (compiled by Jan Stankevich ), available in the library of the US Congress, was published in New York [44] . In 1993, a facsimile edition of the Belarusian-Russian dictionary was published in Minsk, compiled by linguists Baykov and Nekrashevich in 1925 [45] . Also in 1993, the Brief Russian-Belarusian Physiological Dictionary based on Tarashkevits [46] was published.
In 2006, English-Belarusian and German-Belarusian dictionaries based on Tarashkevits were published. The English-Belarusian dictionary (compiled by Valentina Pashkevich) is the first medium-sized English-Belarusian dictionary and includes about 30 thousand words; in the English part of the dictionary, American rather than British English is used [47] . The German-Belarusian dictionary (compiled by Nikolai Kuryanko) is also the first medium-sized German-Belarusian dictionary and has 50 thousand words [48] . According to the Belarusian linguist Dmitry Savko, the fact that Belarusian state institutions could not publish dictionaries of such a volume indicates that a culture based on a tarashkevitsa, including linguistic science, not only exists, but also has the achievements by which it can compete with academic science [49] .
Ratings
1933 Reform
The grammar of 1933 is sometimes called a “ drug commander ” (the term was introduced by V. Vecherko [50] ), which is intended to emphasize the development of this set of rules by the special “Political Commission for the revision of the Russian-Belarusian dictionary and new rules for spelling the Belarusian language” [25] and its adoption by the Council People's Commissars of the BSSR without public discussion [16] . In addition, this grammar is criticized for the intentional artificial approach of the Belarusian language to Russian [31] [51] . It is indicated that through it more than “30 phonetic and morphological features inherent in the Russian language” were introduced into the Belarusian language [52] [53] . At the same time, Tarashkevitsa and her predecessor, “the language of the community of Our Niva”, back in the 1910s. criticized by E. Karski for the unjustified introduction of the elements of Polish graphics , phonetics and grammar into the Belarusian language [54] .
Current ratings
Arseniy Lis ( Doctor of Philology , researcher of the biography of B. Tarashkevich): “The basis of the official“ drug addiction ”lies precisely with the“ Gramatika Tarashkevicha ”. All the main lines of development of the Belarusian language, all ideas (from linguistic and grammatical terms to the wording of the rules) belong to him ” [55] .
In general, critics of Tarashkevitsa noted in it a significant Polish influence in parts of graphics and phonetics (V. Vechierko categorically denies this influence [12] ), especially in the way the sound of borrowed words is conveyed (as noted, for example, by E. Karski and A. Zhuravsky [ 54] ).
At the same time, the authors of the academic draft of the Belarusian spelling reform of 1933 (the draft was completely revised by a political commission, which did not include a single linguist [31] ) called the subsequently adopted method of transferring borrowings “great-power trends”. Academics pointed out the fact that these norms are peculiar to Russian pronunciation and are focused on linking the Belarusian language to Russian [56] . The previous academic commission, the majority of whose members were repressed by 1933, also proposed in its 1930 draft to preserve the norms for transferring borrowings inherent in tarashkevitsa [16] .
In his commentary on the new Bill on Belarusian Spelling, the Director of the Institute of Language and Literature named after Yakub Kolas and Yanka Kupala of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences Alexander Lukashanets points out that Tarashkevitsa is a Belarusian historical cultural tradition [19] :
| This is our cultural, spiritual heritage, but the rules must be uniform so that teachers and students can effectively use them in practice. |
The chairman of the Francis Skorina Belarusian Language Society Oleg Trusov, when asked how he relates to the problem of the conflict between supporters of Tarashkevitsa and “drug addiction,” answered:
| I do not see any problem or conflict. Thus, the youth is "kidding." Well, let yourself "kidding"! If only in Belarusian. Scientists will never say “ dances ” or “filyazofiya” [57] . |
Differences between Tarashkevitsa and the official spelling of the Belarusian language
Phonetics and Spelling
| Official spelling | Tarashkevitsa |
| Alphabet | |
| 1918 variant | In the 2005 version of the normalization of the Tarashkevits, the optional letter “ ґ denoting an explosive sound [g]” was introduced. |
| Designation of assimilative softness of consonants | |
| The orthoepic norm is not additionally determined. Examples: snow, z'yava, zve | Defined using a soft sign. Examples: snow, zyava, zve |
| Phonetic principle in spelling | |
| Mostly limited to unstressed vowels. Examples: stagodze, not only, theater | It is distributed, including, to consonants and at the junctions of morphemes. Examples: stagodzdze, nya only, teatar |
| Transliteration of foreign words | |
| Syllables [la], [lo], [lu] | |
| Transliterated mainly solid [l]. Examples: plan, logic, Plato, clone, dyspley in 1933, scientists of the Institute of Linguistics called the proposals for the introduction of these norms “great-power tendencies”, pointed to their property in Russian pronunciation [56] . | Transliterated with soft [l '] in words of Western European origin except for most Anglicisms. With a solid [l] in most Englishisms. In borrowings from other languages, it is transliterated depending on the hardness or softness of the sound in the source language. Examples: dance, legka, Plyaton, maple, dyspley phonetic tradition of the environment that has developed around the newspaper Nasha Niva [58] . authors of academic projects 1930 and 1933 proposed to maintain this norm [16] . soft transmission of Middle European [l] is recorded in the forms of the Old Belorussian language of the XVII-XVIII centuries ( lyunatyk , labyrinth [l'a] , kapalan [l'a] , kappellѧ [l'a] ), as well as in Belarusian forms of the XIX century ( lўar ( s) , vow (a) ) [59] . Soft Arabic transmission [l] is recorded in the Old Belorussian language of the 17th century ( ship <city of Kerbela) [59] . According to E. Potekhina, it is now difficult to say with certainty whether such a pronunciation was widespread or had the character of a kind of intelligent argo [60] . |
| Dental consonants [d], [t], [h], [s] in front of vowels of the front row [e], [i] | |
| Hardness [d], [t] is mainly preserved, and [h], [s] are pronounced softly. Examples: dyvan, tygr, signal, physical, casino, orange in 1957, the soft language d, t was introduced into the official language norm before the suffixes -ін, -ір, -ёр, -еец, -ейскі: каранцін, камандзір, акцёр, guardssee, іndzeyskі, which are only pronounced firmly in the Belarusian language [53 ] . | Basically, hardness [d], [t] is preserved. Sounds [h], [s] are kept solid when they are in the beginning or sometimes in the middle of the base; in other cases [h], [s] are transmitted predominantly gently. Examples: dyvan, tygr, played, language, casino, apelsyn authors of academic projects 1930 and 1933 proposed to maintain this norm [16] . the preservation of the hardness of vowels before [e] is recorded in the Old Belorussian language of the 16th – 17th centuries ( Senate , Fest ; Syndik , Sonny , Visitative , Dzypozytsa (I) ), as well as in Belarusian forms of words in the 19th century ( Senate , Manifest , Pensіya ; Sydydykat ( b) , son , dyspazytsy (I) ) [59] . |
| in general, the very phenomenon of hardening [d] and [t] in front of the front vowels in words of foreign origin is a clear example of the Polish influence on the Belarusian written language, sometimes very old ( XIV century ). This is partially preserved in modern literary norm. In the dialect language, this feature is not fixed [61] . | |
| [n], [m], [b], [c], [n] in front of vowels of the front row [e] | |
| Mostly bland options. Examples: subscriber, universitet, metrapaliten, debit in 1933, scholars of the Institute of Linguistics called the proposals for the introduction of these norms “great-empire tendencies”, pointed to their property in Russian pronunciation [56] . | Mostly solid options. Examples: abanent, universytet, metrapaliten, debet authors of academic projects 1930 and 1933 proposed to maintain this norm [16] . E. Potekhina claims that no such pronunciation was recorded in Belarusian dialects [17] . |
| although it is known that mainly in the dialects in the borrowed words the hard teeth in front of the front vowels soften, there is not enough dialectological information about pronunciation in such provisions [c], [h], [n], which complicates the development of normative rules that do not contradict the language system [62] . | |
| Combination of [j] / [th] with vowels | |
| Mostly transmitted with an inserted [j], at the same time there are many limitations. Examples: Mayer, New York, Jesuit, Mayanes, Maya The rules of the Belarusian spelling and punctuation of 2008 secured the consistent transmission of the insert [j]. restrictions were imposed by conventions of the Russian language [12] . | Serially transmitted with the inserted [j]. Examples: Mayer, New York, Jesuit, Mayanes, May |
| Transliteration of the letters β ("beta") and θ ("fita") in Greek | |
| Partly according to the Byzantine tradition - “beta” as [c], “fita” as [f], partly as in the Latin tradition - “beta” as [b], “fita” as [t]. Examples: abat, arab, simval, Vizantya; arfagrafiya, mіf, mathematics, rytm | Consistently transmitted according to Latin tradition, "beta" as [b], "fita" as [t]. Examples: abat, arab, symbal, Bіzantyya; artagrafiya, mіt, matematika, rytm authors of academic projects 1930 and 1933 proposed to maintain this norm [16] . the transmission of “beta” as [b], and “feats” as [t] is recorded in the Old Belorussian language of the XV — XVII centuries ( dѧblл , d'ѧblл , barbar (b) ; arithmetic , ωrtokgraθeѧ ), as well as in Belarusian forms of words in the XIX century ( Diabal (b) , Symbol ) [59] . |
| on the one hand, the sound [f] in the Belarusian language appears, albeit with borrowed words, but for a long time, and is already widely spread in dialects; on the other hand, one cannot speak confidently about this or that pronunciation in the ancient dead languages, and the essence of the problem in general is not in specific reading, but in the choice of a general tradition of writing, which developed in Belarus as influenced by Byzantine-Greek (common among all Eastern Slavs ) and Latin (through the mediation of the Polish language) linguistic traditions [63] . | |
Morphology
| Official spelling | Tarashkevitsa |
| The use of the word-formative -ir - / - yr- in verbs with a borrowed basis | |
| It is saved in words borrowed through the Russian language. Examples: pharmaceuticals, sanctions, sanctions, disguises | There is a discussion about the appropriateness of using the word-formation formant -ir - / - yr- [17] . The overwhelming majority of borrowed verbs are used without the formant -ір - / - ir - , which is uncharacteristic for the Belarusian language and is used primarily in cases where it is necessary to avoid homonymy [6] . Examples: farmavats, sanktsyyanavats, disguise; buksavats - buksіravats, kamandavats - kamandzіravats, kasavats - casіravats |
| Expansion of the affixless model of noun formation. Examples: speaking → ledge, offensive → offensive, falling off → falling offне | |
| Inflection system | |
| For masculine and neuter nouns of the prepositional plural, only inflections -ax, -y are permissible. Examples: in ballet, in pale in the opinion of S. Stankevich, the inflections -ax, -yah are characteristic of the Russian language and were artificially introduced by the 1933 reform instead of the inflection of -lex, -ech, characteristic of the Belarusian language [64] . | The inflections -ax, -y of nouns of the masculine and neuter gender of the prepositional plural can change by -oh, -ech, however, both variants are acceptable. Examples: in hairless hairs - in hairless hairs, in scorching hair - in pale hair |
| In the genitive case of the plural of feminine nouns, the endings are characteristic. Examples: magmasmassey, tsyazhkastsey, souvyaz in the opinion of S. Stankevich, the ending ей is a characteristic feature of the Russian language, in contrast to the ending ственного ственного typical of the Belarusian language [64] . | In the genitive case of the plural of feminine nouns, the endings -i характер are characteristic. Examples: magchymasya, tsyazhastya, suvyaz |
| The common use of inflection is the genitive case of the singular 1st declension. Examples: factory, institute, satsyalizma as S. Stankevich notes, the inflection -a , characteristic of the Russian language, was introduced by the reform of 1933 instead of the flexion -y of the Belarusian language [64] . | The limited use of inflection -a genitive case singular of the 1st declension in favor of inflection -y . Examples: factory, institututu, satsyalіzmu according to E. Potekhina, the change is oriented towards an analogy with the Polish language [17] . |
| Using only a difficult future tense. Examples: I’ll work, I’ll work the form of simple future tense was excluded from the Belarusian language by the 1933 reform [65] . | It is permissible to expand the form of the future tense with the form of a simple future tense, characteristic of southwestern dialects [17] . Examples: I will work - work, work - work - work |
| Extension of inflection - genitive plural. Examples: words - words → words, words - words → words → words | |
| It is possible to use the singular in the instrumental case in the paradigm of the 3rd declension of the inflection of the 2nd declension. Examples: Belarus - Belarus, z matz - z matserai | |
| It is possible to use the singular form of the 1st declension of inflection -y in the prepositional case forms. Examples: in price - in value, in Faustus - in Faustus | |
According to E. Potekhina, for a Tarashkevitsa, general changes in the system of declination of substances are possible (active elimination of grammatical alternations and their specialization as a continuation of the process of unification of types of declination according to the basis of gender ). There are also individual facts of a paradigm shift in individual tokens. Potekhina notes that the reason for this is the reorientation of the norms of the literary language from speeches of the central band to Western Belorussian, to a lesser extent Russified , that is, “to a greater extent Belarusian”. According to Potekhina, this does not take into account the factor of language contacts on the border [17] .
Syntax
Basically, there are differences in the proposed management.
| Official spelling | Tarashkevitsa |
| Change of control in constructions with the pretext pa | |
| Variant ( positive + prepositional or prepositional case). Examples: pa football - pa football, pa kicked out - pa kicked out | Unified ( pa + prepositional). Examples: pa football, pa summoned |
Lexicology
Differences in lexicology are assessments of specific use cases in particular cases, but generally speaking, they depend on the choice of vocabulary by the native speakers themselves. Spelling here has a rather indirect meaning and, in the general case, the features indicated below can be used by carriers regardless of the spelling used.
| Official spelling | Tarashkevitsa |
| Tokens of foreign origin | |
| S. Stankevich notes that due to the influence of the Russian language in the BSSR, a large amount of vocabulary unusual for it was borrowed into the Belarusian language [64] , which is used in the official version of spelling. Examples: asceragazza → apasazza, geraizm → doblest, pleases → zdzelka, tsyagnik → train | E. Potekhina argues that in order to free the Belarusian language from Rusisms , borrowing from the Polish language is activated, and not necessarily Polish tokens [17] . Examples: pasol → ambasadar, faktar → chynnіk, map → mapa, wadzel’s → kіroўtsa |
| Tokens of historically Belarusian origin | |
| According to S. Stankevich, words are added to the Belarusian language with Belarusian roots, but the structure of the Russian language, as well as the replacement of the meanings of Belarusian words with meanings similar to the sound of the words of the Russian language [64] . Examples: skasavatz → admanyts, sklasts → sastavits, rabunak → robbery, Vayskovo → military dictionaries issued after the 1933 reform removed a significant layer of Belarusian vocabulary; in variable cases, the words present in the Russian language are left [12] [66] . | According to E. Potekhina, some primordially Belarusian tokens are being replaced: Examples: adbyvazza → tachyzza, umova → varunak, namaganni → vysilki, imenna → menavita [17] [67] |
| Geographical Names | |
| Russian versions of toponyms are introduced into the Belarusian language (if necessary, remade in the Belarusian manner). Examples: Minsk, Brest, Rasiya, Lithuania, Germany, England | Outdated geographic names preserved: Examples: Mensk, Beraцеcie, Rasei, Letuva, Nyamechchyn, Angelshchyn |
Facts
- The inscription on the high relief of the monument to Lenin on Independence Square in Minsk is made in Tarashkevitsa. The monument was created before the reform of the Belarusian language in 1933, therefore, the spelling version is used in the inscription, which was in official use at the time of the creation of the monument: “ Udep pad stsyagam Lenina da peramogі kommunіzmu ” [ significance of fact? ] .
See also
- Kharkov spelling
Notes
- ↑ Cychun H. Weißrussisch [1] // Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens / hrsg. von Miloš Okuka. Unter Mitw. von Gerald Krenn, 2002. - 1031 S. - ISBN 3-85129-510-2
- ↑ 1 2 Decision of the Supreme Economic Court of the Republic of Belarus dated December 22, 98 No. 2-1 / 98 on the lawsuit of the editorial office of the newspaper Nasha Niva (Minsk) against the defendant - the State Press Committee of the Republic of Belarus on invalidating the warning of May 29 1998, No. 26 [2]
- ↑ A. Yu. Musorin (candidate of philological sciences). Variability of country names in the modern Belarusian language // Foreign languages in the scientific and educational aspects. - Vol. 7. - Novosibirsk, 2008. - P. 31—35
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Nіna Barshcheўskaya (doctrine of the Philosophical Navuk). Belarussian emigratsya - Abaronets native Mova. - Warsaw: Belarusian Cathatera Faculty of Faculty of Applied Linguistic and Converging Slavic Studies of Warsaw University, 2004.
- ↑ Petra Sadoski (Candidate of Philology). The invasions of the 90th reptile in Belarus’s unbiased promises // Belarus Movement: noble development, cantacts, perspectives. Materyaly III of the International Kangres of Belarus “Belarusian culture ў dyyalogu tsyvilіzatsy”. Mn.: Belaruskі Knigazbor, 2001. ISBN 985-6638-33-X . S. 224
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Yuras Bushlyakў, Vintsuk Vyachorka, Zmitser Sanko, Zmitser Saska. Belarussian language rights. Zbor is right. Nowadays narmalіzatsyya. Vilna-Mensk, 2005 .-- 160 p.
- ↑ Belarusian mov. Linguistic campaigns. Mn., 2003.
- ↑ Syarhei Shupa. Tarashkevitsa ў Slobniku Svaboda // Arche No. 7 (12) - 2000
- ↑ Gіstoryya Belarusі. Vuchebn. dapamozhnіk / V.І. Galubovich, Z. V. Shybek, D. M. Charkasў і іnsh .; Pad Red. B.I. Galubovіcha I.M. Bohan . - Mn .: Ekaperspektiva, 2005 .-- 584 p. ISBN 985-469-120-9 . S. 400
- ↑ Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov. Faculty of Philology. KORYAKOV Yuri Borisovich. The language situation in Belarus and the typology of language situations. The dissertation for the degree of candidate of philological sciences. Supervisor - Doctor of Philology, Professor V. M. Alpatov. S. 49 [3] .
- ↑ Vіktar Gaўrysh. Reforms pravapisu not budze. Vyartannya da Tarashkevitsa Taksama // Belarusian Duma, socio-political and popular science journal of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Belarus. Number 11, November 2007
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Клімаў І. Two standards of Belarusian literary mouy [2004] // Mova i sotsyum. (TERRA ALBA. Volume III). Magіleў, GA MT Brahma.
- ↑ Ganna Kіslitsyna . New Literary Situation: The Change of the Cultural Paradigm // Lectures, Belarusian Kalegyum.
- ↑ Skarynaznakstva, the book of the Kazakh state, literary education: Materyaly ІІІ Міжнар. kangresa Belarusa "Belarusian culture ў melodious tsyvilіzatsy" (Minsk, May 21-25, 4-7 snow. 2000) / Redkal .: U. Conan (Gal. red.) і інш. - Mn .: "Belarusian Knigazbor", 2001. - 364 p. - (Belarusika = Albaruthenica; Book 20). ISBN 985-6638-34-8 ° C. 26 [4]
- ↑ International conference “The Fates of Languages: Issues of External and Internal History” // Bulletin of PSTGU III: Philology 2007. Issue 1 (7). S. 220
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Zmіtser Saska. Mosaic art // Chasopis “Arche”
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 E.A. Potekhina (Minsk - Olsztyn). Teaching the Belarusian language in the conditions of Belarusian-Belarusian bilingualism (problems of teaching the Belarusian language as a foreign language) // Study of Slavic languages and literature in higher education: achievements and prospects: Information materials and abstracts of reports of an international scientific conference / Ed. V.P. Gudkova, A.G. Mashkova, S.S. Skorvid. - M.: [Philological Faculty of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov], 2003. - 317 p. S. 170-173.
- ↑ Elena Temper. Models of nation formation in Belarus after 1990 // CESTY K NÁRODNÍMU OBROZENÍ: BĚLORUSKÝ A ČESKÝ MODEL, Sborník příspěvků z konference konané 4. - 6. 7. 2006 v Praze. ISBN 80-239-8444-6 . - S. 214.
- ↑ 1 2 The bill on Belarusian spelling retains the principle of continuity with existing rules - A. Lukashanets // BELTA , 06/28/2008
- ↑ Oksana Mytko. "Snow" will not work, but Belarusian spelling awaits change // "7 days" No. 16 of 04/20/2002
- ↑ see, for example, an article in the journal Spadchyna , 1994
- ↑ 1 2 IANA registry of language subtags
- ↑ Adam Varłyha [Yazep Smooth]. Praktyčnyja nazirańni nad našaj žyvoj movaj. - New York, 1966.S. 26
- ↑ I. І. Kramko, A.K. Yurevich, A. І. Yanovіch. Gistoryya belarusian literaturnaya mova. T. 2. - Minsk, 1968. S. 162-163
- ↑ 1 2 Gіstoryya Belarus Movement, 1918-1941: Khrestamatyya for a student of the Faculty of Philology. Part 1-2. Minsk: BDU, 2005-2008. Part 2. 2008.P. 168. // according to Zmіtser Saska. Mosaic art
- ↑ 1 2 3 Densityў B.A. , Antanyuk L.A. Belaruskaya mov. Linguistic campaigns. - Mn .: Іnterprеsservis, Knizhny Dom, 2003.P. 88
- ↑ Syarhei Zaprudsky, Belarus Movement ў Native Cantaktas Rasijskai: at the Center for Advice, at: Lětopis 50 (2003) 1, p. 81. According to the Rusyfіkatsyya Belarus Movement // Nіna Barshcheўskaya. Belarussian emigratsya - Abaronets native Mova. - Warsaw: Belarusian Cathatera Faculty of Faculty of Applied Linguistics and Converging Slavic Studies of Warsaw University, 2004. - 368 p.
- ↑ Panў S.V. Materyaly pa gistory Belarus; pad navuk. red M. S. Stashkevich, G. Ya. Galenchanki. - Mn .: "Aversav", 2003. S. 254
- ↑ Leanid Lych. Reform of the Belarusian Law of 1933: Ideal Aspect . Mn .: Navuka i tehnika, 1993. ISBN 5-343-01453-4
- ↑ Mova mesyaetstsa, living! // Zvyazda, 8th season of 2009
- ↑ 1 2 3 Zmіtser Saska. Mechanics of cooking // Chasopis "Arche"
- ↑ Клімаў І. Two standards of Belarusan Literary Movement (Belarusian) (inaccessible link) (2004). Archived March 3, 2007.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Narkama ka i tarashkevitsa: two rights, like two sytsyagі (Belorussian) . Radio Svaboda (October 31, 2005).
- ↑ Uparadkavalі tarashkevitsu . Niva No. 1 (2225) (January 3, 1999).
- ↑ See, for example, Belarusian Hindu mov: Vucheb. dapam. - Mn. : Ab. School, 2006 .-- S. 100,101. - 559 p.
- ↑ Z. F. Sáka. The rules of levapisu // Arche No. 1-2 (53) - 2007
- ↑ Victoria Popova. Crown Prince of Bohemia . Soviet Belarus (February 2, 2008).
- ↑ Wadzim Doўnar. “Tarashkevitsa” ў “SB”: Volskі health. Zdanovіch dazvalyaye . Radio Racyja (February 4, 2008).
- ↑ "Uladar Pärscionkaў" pa-Belarusian // Nasha Niva, 11.11.2008
- ↑ Bіblіya. The books of the Svyatoga Pisanyan Staroga i Novaga Zapavetu kananіchny ў Belarusian peracladze - Peraladchyk V. Semuha (bel.)
- ↑ Bіbliya ў peracladze ks. Uladzіslav Charnyakskag
- ↑ Testing of the Arche Chasapis: What is the good of ыchynіlі adrajan’s of the 80’s kanz, zrabіўshy vybar for the “tarashkevites” karys? // ARCHE Pachatak , 2003
- ↑ Sergey Vazhnik. Belarusian Movement І International // Acta Neophilologica VIII, Olsztyn 2006
- ↑ Belorussian-Russian (Great Lithuanian-Russian) dictionary / Belorussian-rasiysk (Vyalikalitoўska-rasiysk) Sloan / Byelorussian-russian (Greatlitvan-Russian) Dictionary. New York: Lew Sapieha Greatlitvan (Byelorussian) Foundation, 1989. Library of Congress catalog card No. 89-092248
- ↑ Belarus-race-word. Mensk: Dzyarzhaanay from Belarus, 1925. Fax issued: Mensk: Narodnaya asvet, 1993. ISBN 5-341-00918-5
- ↑ Karotka raseiska-Belarusian fіzyyalyagіny words. Mensk: Tekhnalogіya, 1993.
- ↑ Pashkevich Valentina. Angelska-Belarusskiy sloўnіk
- ↑ Kur'yanka Mikalay. Nyametska-Belarussian Sloven = Deutsch-belarussisches Worterbuch
- ↑ 1991-2006. Take out the hell of Sákki // "Tomorrow of your country"
- ↑ Zaprudskii S. Varyyantnast at the Belarusian Literary Movement // IV Summer Seminar of the Belarusian Movement, Literature and Culture (5-19 lіpenya 1999): Lektsі. Minsk, 1999.S. 20-26 .; as a quote. in: Клімаў І. Two standards ...
- ↑ Panў S.V. Materyaly pa gistory Belarus; pad navuk. red M. S. Stashkevich, G. Ya. Galenchanki. - Мn .: "Aversav", 2003. - 383 p. ISBN 985-478-094-5
- ↑ The tradition of such criticism was begun by Y. Stankevich’s pamphlet “The Grammar of the Belarusian Language ў BSRR”, Vilna, 1936. See also: Tatyana Amosova. The repressive policy of Soviet power in Belarus .
- ↑ 1 2 Rusyfіkatsyya Belarusian movy // Nіna Barshcheўskaya. Belarussian emigratsya - Abaronets native Mova. - Warsaw: Belarusian Cathatera Faculty of Faculty of Applied Linguistics and Converging Slavic Studies of Warsaw University, 2004. - 368 p.
- ↑ 1 2 See Karsky “Belarusians”, T.3; Zhuraўskі "Gistoryya Belorusskaya Literaturnaya Mova", vol. 2.
- ↑ Expert: Stvoralіk “Tarashkevites” admins b syonny hell “club” and “blunders” (white)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Preface to the academic project of the reform of the Belarusian spelling of 1933 (Belarusian)
- ↑ TUTeyshyya. Aleg Trusaў: At grammadstvo zmyanіsyasya yes and Belarusians are movy
- ↑ Haponenka ...
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Based on materials from: A. M. Bulyk. Yes, we have learned from Belarus. Minsk, 1972; Yeon Ms. Lexical аз Belarusian м mov XVI-XVIII art. Minsk, 1980; Gіstarychny Sloanіk Belarusian Belarusian language. T. 1-24 (A-P). Minsk, 1982-2005; Cancardans belarusian mova XIX century At 11 t. Minsk, 1992. Zakhoўvaetstsa д Addzele of the Agulnag and Slavic Movement of Independence н Instytutu of Independence of NASB. // Yuras Bushlyakў, Vintsuk Vyachorka, Zmitser Sanko, Zmitser Saska. Belarussian language rights. Zbor is right. Nowadays narmalіzatsyya. Vilna-Mensk, 2005.
- ↑ Kіklevіch A., Patsekhіna A. Belarusian literary norm: melody i ва navavatsi (pa materyalakh schuchasnaga of Belarusian druku)
- ↑ Movaznaya prablematyatka ў termіnalogіі ... pp. 134-136.
- ↑ Movaznaya prablematyatka эр termіnalogіі ... P.137-139.
- ↑ Movaznaya prablematyatka эр termіnalogіі ... pp. 132-134.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Stanislaў Stankevich. Russian Federation of Belarus овы BSSR and supratsi Rusifikatsiyama praceu / Pradmova V. Vyachorki. - Mn .: Navuka i tehnika, 1994 .-- 79 p.
- ↑ Futur Imperfect at Belarusian Move // Pravapis.org
- ↑ Dzimtry Shymanski “What is the knowledge of the Belarusian Movement?” // Dzedzich, No. 5 (24) (listapad, 2003)
- ↑ In this case, both tokens are tracing paper with it. nämlich .
Literature
- Movable foreigner ў termіnalogіі // Teoryya і praktyka belaruskuy termіnalogіі / Arashonkava G. U., Bulyka A. M., Lyushtsik U. V., Padluzhny A. І .; Navuk. red A. І. The clerks. - Мn .: Belarussian navuka, 1999. - 175 with ISBN 985-08-0317-7 . S.128-170.
- Nina Barshcheyskaya, Belarussian emigra - native Abaronese, Katera Belaruskaya Filyalyogi Faculty of Prylodnaya Linguistics and Vykhodnoslavyansky Filyalyogіya Varshaўskі Ўnіverversytet, Warsaw- 2004-6 .
- E.A. Potekhina (Minsk - Olsztyn). Teaching the Belarusian language in the conditions of Belarusian-Belarusian bilingualism (problems of teaching the Belarusian language as a foreign language) // Study of Slavic languages and literature in higher education: achievements and prospects: Information materials and abstracts of reports of an international scientific conference / Ed. V.P. Gudkova, A.G. Mashkova, S.S. Skorvid. - M.: [Philological Faculty of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov], 2003. - 317 p. S. 170-173.
Links
- “Belarus are legal rights. Zbor is right. Nowadays narmalіzatsyya. " Electronic version of the publication (belor.)
- Textbook Speak Belarusian to me. Basic course of the classical Belarusian language. (Russian) (Belarusian)
- Sloanik Belarusian Language Society (in English) // Nasha Niva , 2001.
- Belarus-races , laying: Mykola Baiko, Ssyapan Nekrashevich // Mensk: Dzyarzhana from Belarus, 1925. Fax issued: Mensk: Narodnaya asveta, 1993. ISBN 5-341-009
- Karotka raseiska-Belarusian language words , laying: A. Stasevich, S. Varyotsky // Mensk: Technical Library, 1993.
- Jumping Lagoishchyn , laying: Adam Varlyga // New York, Munich: BINIM, Fundatsyya P. Krecheskaska, 1966.