King Sidon - the ruler of the city and its possessions in antiquity .
Content
Not so much is known about Phenicia as about other areas of the Ancient Near East , since very few narrative sources of local origin have survived. Most of the information about the Phoenician city-states (including the Kingdom of Sidon) is found in the sources created in their neighboring lands. Because of this, the political history of Phenicia contains significant lacunae, filled with data made only on the basis of an analysis of archaeological finds [1] .
Sidon is one of the oldest cities in Phenicia [2] . The institute of royal power in it was formed no later than the XIV century BC. er [3] The first testimonies of the kings of Sidon are contained in letters from the Amarna archive . By that time, the power of the kings of Sidon had already extended not only to the city itself, but also to some neighboring lands. According to data from the documents of the Amarn archive, then the Sidon governor Zimrid was under the supreme authority of the pharaoh of Egypt Akhenaton [1] [4] [5] [6] .
Perhaps Sidon was destroyed during the invasion of the sea breeches , but then rebuilt again [1] .
Later, the kings of Sidon are mentioned in documents from the archive in Ugarit , but no information about their rule is reported. According to these historical sources, at that time, the Sidonians already maintained extensive trade with the cities of Mesopotamia and Egypt. The first evidence of diplomatic ties between Sidon and Assyria belong to the rule of Tukulti-Ninurta I , and the first news of assyrians receiving tribute from Phoenician cities (including from Sidon) [1] [6] [7] .
In the XI century BC. er the kings of Sidon were still subordinate to the rulers of Egypt. However, with the weakening of the power of the pharaohs, the Sidon rulers began to gradually free themselves from this dependence, as reported in the Journeys of Unu-Amon . In the XI century BC. er Sidon is the most influential of all the Phoenician city-states, having widespread trade relations not only with Egypt and Mesopotamia, but also with Greece . “Sidonians” as a term identical to all Phoenicians are generally reported in the writings of Homer and the Bible [5] [6] [8] [9] .
However, by the IX century BC. er Sidon, like the whole of Phenicia, fell under the sovereignty of the kings of Assyria. Starting from the VIII century BC. er Annals regularly report on the Sidon kings who participated in the anti-Assyrian uprisings. Several times after such speeches, the rulers of Assyria gave the city to the kings of Tire . In the writings of modern historians even referred to the united kingdom of Tyro-Sidon, the first evidence of the existence of which dates back to the 9th century BC. er Probably, the end of this unification of the two kingdoms was put by Sinahribi after the suppression of the rebellion of King Eloulay . After one of the rebellions, led by king Abdmilkat , Sidon in 676 BC. er was completely destroyed, and his possessions are included in one of the Assyrian provinces. Probably, the city was restored only at the end of VII century BC. er About the Sidon kings begins again mentioned in 590s BC. Oe., when they were already dependent on the rulers of the kingdom of Babylon [1] [4] [10] [11] .
First half of the 5th century BC er - the heyday of the Sidon kingdom. Thanks to the loyalty shown by the members of the dynasty founded by Eshmunazar I to their sovereign rulers, the kings of the Achaemenid Empire , the rulers of Sidon became the most influential of all the Phoenician rulers . With the descendants of Eshmunazor I, the Sidon ships were considered the best in the Persian navy. The kings of Sidon patronized the maritime trade with the countries of the Mediterranean , and the funds received were actively building in their possessions [1] [5] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .
However, in the IV century BC. Oe., after the unsuccessful insurrections of Abdastart I and Tabnit II against the Achaemenids , the Sidonian kingdom fell into decay. The latest information about the kings of Sidon dates back to the Diadochi Wars [1] [5] [13] [17] [18] [19] .
- List of Kings of Sidon
| Name | Dates of government | Main events of the board |
|---|---|---|
| Yab (n) [...] | first half of the XIV century BC. er | tributary of Amenhotep III ; mentioned in Amarna letters ; feuded with the king of Tire by the name ... -DI.KUD |
| Zimrida | second half of the 14th century BC er | mentioned in Amarna letters; first a tributary of Akhenaten , then ally Abdiashirty and Azira ; waged wars with rib addy |
| Imtu | ||
| Yapadadad | ||
| Adad jasper | ||
| Edumu | XIII century BC. er | |
| Anniva | XIII century BC. er | son of Edduma |
| Nn | end of the twelfth century BC er | tributary of Tiglathpalasar I |
| Nn | 870s BC. er | tributary of Ashurnazirapala II ; possibly identical to the king of Tir Itobaalu I |
| Nn | 830s BC. er | tributary of Salmanasar III ; possibly identical to king Tir Baalezor II |
| Hiram I | OK. 773-761 BC. er | tributary of the Assyrians |
| Hiram II | until 733/732 BC. er | also the king of Tire; participant in the uprising against Tiglatpalassar III ; Assyrian has no power over Sidon |
| Elulay | 733/732 - approx. 701 years n. er | received from Tiglatpalassar III, first Sidon, and then Tyr; a participant in the uprisings against Salmanasar V and Sinaheriba ; deprived of power by the Assyrians |
| Itobaal | OK. 701—682 / 680 BC. er | perhaps also the king of Tire |
| Abdmilkat | OK. 682 / 680-677 BC er | participant in the uprising against Esarhaddon ; executed |
| Nn | 590s BC. er | together with the kings of Tire, Moab, and Ammon, rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar II ( Jer. 27: 3 ) |
| Nn | 580s BC. er | tributary of Nebuchadnezzar II |
| Nn | 570s BC. er | tributary of Nebuchadnezzar II; under him Sidon was plundered by the Egyptian army of the pharaoh Aprià |
| Eshmunazor I | the last third of VI - the beginning of the V century BC. er | founded a new dynasty [K 1] ; tributary of Darius I ; under him, the Sidonians participated in the suppression of the Ionian rebellion and in the Greco-Persian wars |
| Tabnit I (Tetramnest) | until about 475 BC. er | son of Eshmunazor I; tributary of Xerxes I ; participant of the Battle of Salamis |
| Eshmunazor II | OK. 475-461 years BC. er | son of Tabnit I; born after the death of his father; died underage |
| Bodastart | 460s - 450s BC. er | perhaps a relative of his predecessors on the throne |
| Yatanmilk | mid V century BC. er | son of bodastart |
| Baalshalim I | OK. 450-440 / 424 years BC. er | son Yatanmilka |
| Abdemon | OK. 440 / 424-404 BC. er | son of Baalshalim I |
| Baana | OK. 404-401 BC. er | son of Abdemon |
| Baalshalim II | OK. 401—365 years BC. er | Baan's son |
| Abdastart I | OK. 365–355/352 BC er | son of Baalshalim II; tributary of Artaxerxes II ; anti-persian uprising; perhaps the last king of the dynasty founded by Eshmunazor I |
| Tabnit II | OK. 355 / 352-347 / 345 BC. er | participant in the uprising against Artaxerxes III ; executed |
| Evagor | 347/345-342 BC. er | first king of salamis of cyprus , then the Persian satrap with the authority of the Sidon king |
| Abdastart II | 342-332 BC er | son of Tabnit II; tributary of Artaxerxes III, Arses and Darius III ; with the support of the Macedonians expelled by the inhabitants of Sidon |
| Abdalonim | last third of the 4th century BC er | tributary of Alexander of Macedon |
| Philokles | 287-262 / 261 years BC. er | participant in the Diadocho wars ; tributary of Ptolemy I Soter ; last known king of sidon |
Comments
- ↑ There is no consensus among Orientalists on the exact dating of the boards of the kings of Sidon from the dynasty of Eshmunazor I. There is an assumption that the reign of the kings of this dynasty should be attributed to an earlier time. According to supporters of this hypothesis, Eshmunazor I reigned in the second quarter of the 6th century BC. e., Tabnit I - in the second and third quarters of the VI century BC. e., Eshmunazor II - in the third quarter of the VI century BC. Oe. Bodastart - in the last quarter of the same century, and Yatanmilk - at the end of the VI century BC. er or early V century BC. er It is also assumed that Tabnit I and Tetramnest are two different Sidon kings [15] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bunnens G. L'histoire événementielle Partim Orient // Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten / Krings V. - BRILL, 1995. - p. 222–236. - ISBN 978-9-0041-0068-8 .
- ↑ Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 366.
- ↑ Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 368.
- ↑ 1 2 Lexikon der Ägyptologie / Helck W., Otto E. - Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1984. - Bd. five.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Lipinski E. Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique . - Leuven / Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 1995. - P. 124-128. - ISBN 978-9-0683-1690-2 .
- 2 1 2 3 Reallexikon der Assyriologie / Streck MP, Ecklin S. - Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 2009. - Bd. 12. - S. 453–455.
- ↑ Volkov, 2004 , p. 265.
- ↑ Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 27-34.
- ↑ Volkov, 2004 , p. 114-118.
- ↑ Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 202.
- Ip ń ip E. Histor::::: - Leuven / Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 2006. - p. 180. - ISBN 978-9-0429-1798-9 .
- ↑ Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 281–283.
- ↑ 1 2 B. Turaev. History of the Ancient East . - L .: OGIZ , 1936. - T. 2. - p. 195-199.
- ↑ Volkov, 2004 , p. 278–283.
- 2 1 2 Elayi J. An Updated Chronology of the Kings during the Persian Period (539-333 BCE) // Transeuphratène. - P. , 2006. - № 32 . - P. 11-43.
- Ox The Oxford Handbook of Archeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE / Steiner ML, Killebrew AE - Oxford: Oxford University Press , 2014. - P. 113. - ISBN 978-0-1992-1297-2 .
- ↑ Volkov, 2004 , p. 284–289.
- ↑ Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 307-308.
- ↑ Tsirkin Yu. B. Hellenization of the political structure of the cities of Phenicia // Mnemon. Studies and publications on the history of the ancient world / Frolov E. D. - St. Petersburg. , 2004. - Vol . 3 . - p . 185-202 .
Literature
- Volkov A.V. Mysteries of Phenicia. - M .: Veche , 2004. - 320 p. - ISBN 5-9533-0271-1 .
- Tsirkin Yu. B. From Canaan to Carthage. - M .: LLC Astrel Publishing House; LLC AST Publishing House, 2001. - 528 p. - ISBN 5-17-005552-8 .
- Eiselen FC Sidon: a study in oriental history . - NY .: The Macmillan Company, 1907. - 196 p.
- Lipiński E. Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique . - Leuven / Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 1995. - P. 124-128. - ISBN 978-9-0683-1690-2 .
- Reallexikon der Assyriologie / Streck MP, Ecklin S. - Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 2009. - Bd. 12. - S. 453–455.
Links
- Middle East Kingdoms. Ancient Central Levant States. Sidon (English) . The History Files. The appeal date is December 31, 2017.
- Les cités Phéniciennes: Sidon (Fr.) . Antikforever.com. The appeal date is December 31, 2017.