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Hiram II

Hiram II ( date. Hi-ru-mu , Hebrew חִירָם ) - King of Tire (739/738 - c. 730 BC) and Sidon (until 733/732 BC).

Hiram II
date fruit. Hi-ru-mu
King of Tire
739/738 - approx. 730 BC e.
PredecessorItobaal II
SuccessorMattan II
king of sidon
up to 733/732 BC e.
PredecessorHiram I (?)
SuccessorElulai
BirthVIII century BC e.
DeathVIII century BC e.

Content

  • 1 Biography
  • 2 Comments
  • 3 notes
  • 4 Literature

Biography

The earliest evidence of Hiram II dates back to 738 or 737 BC. e., when in one of the inscriptions he, together with King Byblos Shipitbaal II, was called a tributary of Tiglathpalasar III , who transferred to the king of Assyria a large number of iron products painted in purple fabrics and ivory . In the previous year, among the rulers of Phenicia , who gave the Assyrian ruler, the ruler of Tire Itobaal II was mentioned. On this basis, it is assumed that Hiram II ascended the throne of Tire in 739 or 738 BC. e. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Nevertheless, it is possible that the beginning of Hiram II’s reign should date back to 740 BC. e. [8] [9] or even to an even earlier time [6] .

Probably, the payment of tribute by Hiram II to the king of Assyria in 738 or 737 BC. e. was associated with the suppression of Tiglathpalasar III uprising led by Azriyau . Although Hiram II did not take part in the rebellion, he was forced, like the other Phoenician rulers, to submit to the Assyrian ruler [3] [10] [11] .

One of the Phoenician inscriptions found in Cyprus refers to officials who controlled some of the island's lands (including the city of Kition ) on behalf of King Sidon Hiram. It is assumed that this king could be the ruler of Tire, who, thus, significantly expanded the territory subject to him [5] [7] [8] [12] . This opinion is confirmed by evidence that in the 730s BC. e. Hiram II ruled the copper mines in Amathus and Limassol [6] . However, the identification of Hiram II with the same ruler of Sidon, who paid tribute to the Assyrians in the first half of the VIII century BC. e., probably erroneously [6] [13] .

Since 734 BC e. mention is made of Assyrian officials in Tire and Sidon, whose duties included both monitoring trade in the ports of these cities and monitoring the situation in Phenicia. In a letter to Tiglathpalasar III, the governor of Kurdi-ashur-lamur [K 1] reported on one of these officials, Nabu-Sesib, who prevented Hiram II from taking one of the relics from his city to Sidon - a sacred tree. The message also mentioned the ban imposed by the king of Assyria on the trade of the Phoenicians in the forest (primarily Lebanese cedar ) with the Egyptians and Philistines . Probably, at that time, despite the preservation of tsarist power in the Phoenician cities, the real control of them was in the hands of the envoys of the ruler of Assyria [2] [3] [6] [11] [14] .

Based on the fact that most of the Old Testament was recorded much later than the events described in it, some historians believe that the events attributed to the kings Hiram I the Great and Solomon ( 3 Kings 5-10 ) in the text of the “ Third Book of Kings ” date from the reign of the kings of Hiram II and Ahaz . In particular, at a meeting with Tiglathpalasar III in Damascus, the ruler of Judea not only paid tribute to the Assyrian monarch, but also received permission to cut trees in the Lebanese mountains necessary for the reconstruction of the Temple of Jerusalem (2 Kings 16 ). In the Bible, the plot with the construction of the temple is attributed to the rule of Solomon. Also, the joint fleet, assembled by Solomon and Hiram, was quite possibly created already under King Ahaz. Then the goal of creating a fleet was to provide access for the Assyrians to the mouth of the Yarkon River, which was necessary after Tiglatpalasar III conquered the lands of Philistia. The gold from Ophir was needed by Hiram II and Ahaz to pay tribute to the Assyrian king [6] [15] .

 
The army of Tiglathpalasar III besieges the city. Relief from Nineveh

In 734 BC e. Hiram II entered into an alliance with the king of Damascus, Rizon II , the ruler of the kingdom of Israel, Fakey and the king of Gaza Gannon , who rebelled against Tiglathpalasar III. In response, in 733 or 732 BC. e. After the siege , Damascus was taken by the Assyrian army , and then Tyr was attacked. Hiram II was defeated, and was forced to personally come to the camp of Tiglathpalasar III to ask for forgiveness. The Assyrian ruler retained the throne of Tiram for Hiram II, but stripped him of power over Sidon, whose ruler was appointed Elulai . In addition, King of Tire was forced to pay tribute to Tiglathpalasar III and transfer the village of Mahalab under the control of the Assyrians. Of all the participants in the uprising, only Hiram II and Hannon retained the royal titles: the rest of the rebellious rulers were deprived of the Assyrians in one way or another. Most of the rebel possessions were included in the Assyrian provinces: the Damascus kingdom was liquidated, and Israel lost almost all of its northern part. Not wanting to repeat the fate of the rebels, a rich tribute to gold, silver, camels and incense Tiglathpalasar III was brought by many rulers of Syria , Phenicia and Arabia who did not take part in the rebellion. Among such rulers, the Annals of Tiglathpalasar III include the kings of Moab , Ammon , the Arab principalities Muse, Teim, Saba and other rulers. Probably, this not the most severe punishment, chosen for Hiram II by the Assyrian king, was caused by the importance for Tiglathpalassar III of trade in the Mediterranean Sea , in which the Tyra merchants played a leading role [2] [3] [6] [7] [11] [14 ] [16] [17] .

Shortly afterwards (probably around 730 BC), Hiram II was overthrown by Mattan II . In one of the Assyrian inscriptions, it is reported sending in 729 or 728 BC. e. Tiglathpalasar III to the "Mittan" of , who received a tribute of approximately 150 talents of gold and 2000 talents of silver from the king of Tire. Perhaps, having paid such a large tribute to the Assyrians, the new ruler of Tire received consent from Tiglathpalasar III to usurp the throne. It is also possible that the initiative to overthrow Hiram II belonged to the Assyrian king, unhappy with the participation of the Tyr ruler in the uprising [1] [2] [3] [5] [6] [7] [13] [14] [17] .

Comments

  1. ↑ Perhaps Kurdi-Ashur-Lamur was the governor of one of the Assyrian provinces, whose duties included monitoring the activities of the Phoenician rulers. It is assumed that his residence was in Tsumur [11] .

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 Lipiński, 1995 , p. 222.
  2. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Aubert ME The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade . - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 2001. - P. 55-57 & 93. - ISBN 978-0-5217-9543-2 .
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 182-183.
  4. ↑ Lipiński, 2004 , p. 46-47.
  5. ↑ 1 2 3 Reallexikon der Assyriologie / Edzard DO - Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1972-1975. - Bd. 4 .-- S. 418.
  6. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lipiński E. On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches . - Leuven / Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 2006 .-- P. 185-188 & 201 .-- ISBN 978-9-0429-1798-9 .
  7. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible / Freedman DN, Myers AC - Amsterdam: Eardmans Publishing Co., 2000. - P. 593. - ISBN 978-9-0535-6503-2 .
  8. ↑ 1 2 Menander of Ephesus . Fragments // Phoenician mythology / translation B. Turaeva A. - SPb. : Summer Garden , Neva , 1999.
  9. ↑ Liverani M. Israel's History and the History of Israel . - L. & N. Y .: Routledge , 2014 .-- P. 112. - ISBN 978-1-3174-8893-4 .
  10. ↑ Lipiński, 1995 , p. 69.
  11. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Bunnens G. L'histoire événementielle Partim Orient // Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten / Krings V. - BRILL, 1995 .-- P. 229. - ISBN 978-9-0041-0068-8 .
  12. ↑ Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 32 and 373.
  13. ↑ 1 2 Lipiński, 2004 , p. 47-48.
  14. ↑ 1 2 3 Barton J. The Biblical World . - Taylor & Francis, 2002. - Vol. 1. - P. 502. - ISBN 978-0-4152-7573-6 .
  15. ↑ Lipiński, 2004 , p. 218.
  16. ↑ Turaev B.A. History of the Ancient East . - L .: OGIZ , 1936. - T. 2. - S. 46.
  17. ↑ 1 2 Reallexikon der Assyriologie / Edzard DO - Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1987-1990. - Bd. 7.- S. 590.

Literature

  • Tsirkin Yu. B. From Canaan to Carthage. - M .: LLC Astrel Publishing House; LLC "Publishing house AST", 2001. - 528 p. - ISBN 5-17-005552-8 .
  • Lipiński E. Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique . - Leuven / Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 1995 .-- 536 p. - ISBN 978-9-0683-1690-2 .
  • Lipiński E. Itineraria Phoenicia . - Leuven / Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 2004 .-- 635 p. - ISBN 978-9-0429-1344-8 .
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiram_II&oldid=89978381


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