Baalezor II ( Baal-ezer , Baal-maser , Badezer ; “ Baal helped” [1] [2] [3] ; date. Ba'al-ezor, Ba'al-ma'zer , Hebrew בעלעזר , Dr. Greek Βάδέζωρος , Latin Beleasarus ) - king of Tire in the middle of the 9th century BC e.
| Baalesor II | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| date fruit. Ba'al-ezor | |||||||
| |||||||
| Predecessor | Itobaal I | ||||||
| Successor | Mattan I | ||||||
| Death | IX century BC e. | ||||||
| Father | Itobaal I | ||||||
| Children | son: Mattan I | ||||||
Content
- 1 Biography
- 2 Comments
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
Biography
About Baalesor II is reported in a quote from 1] , preserved in the work of Josephus Flavius “ [4] [ 4] [5] . In turn, Menander borrowed the evidence he cited directly from the chronicles available in the archives of Tire [6] [7] [8] . The events in Palestine under Baalesor II are also mentioned in the Bible [9] .
According to these sources , Baalesor II was the son of King Itobaal I. Having gained power over Tyr after the death of his father, he ruled for six years and died at the age of forty-five [K 1] . The successor to Baalesor II was his son Mattan I [1] [9] [10] [11] [12] .
Dating the reign of the rulers of Tire X-IX centuries BC e. based on the mention in one of the inscriptions about the simultaneity of rule in 841 BC. e. Baalesor II and the ruler of Assyria Salmanasar III . To clarify the dates, the testimony of Josephus Flavius is used that one hundred fifty-five years and eight months elapsed between the accession to the throne of Tsar Hiram the Great and the founding of Carthage Dido . However, since the works of ancient authors mention two dates of the founding of Carthage (825 and 814 BC), in the works of modern historians the dates of the reigns of the rulers of Tire, who lived earlier than the middle of the IX century, are not always synchronized [8] [13] [ 14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . The reign of Baalesor II dates from approximately the middle of the IX century BC. e., and as more accurate dates are mentioned various periods from 865 to 830 BC. e. inclusive [1] [11] [19] .
The Bible reports on the diplomatic relations of the kings of Tire with the rulers of Israel and Judea . The sister of Baalesor II, Jezebel , was the wife of the king of Israel, Ahab (1 Kings. 18 and 19 ), and the niece of Hofolia , the king of the Jews of Joram ( 4 Kings. 8: 18-26 ). The reign of Baalesor II is the time of the greatest influence of the rulers of Tire on the affairs of Phenicia , Palestine and the Levant . However, this situation lasted only until 842 BC. e., when, as a result of the conspiracy, Jezebel and all her sons (including King Joram ) were killed by order of the warlord Jehovah . The priests of the Tyr god Baal, whose cult spread in Israel under King Ahab, were also destroyed (1 Kings 17-4 Kings 10 ). In response, Baalesor II broke his alliance with the new king of Israel, Jehovah. Soon, a rebellion against worshipers of the Tyr gods also took place in Judea, where Queen Gofolia was killed by the rebels and the temple of Baal (or Melkart ) built in Jerusalem was destroyed (2 Kings 11 ) [9] [20] [21] [22] .
Itobaal I, the father of Baalesor II, is not mentioned as an adversary of the king of Assyria, Salmanasar III, at the battle of Karkar in 853 BC. e. [23] However, about Baalesor II himself in the Assyrian annals is reported as a tributary of the Assyrian monarchs: in 841 BC. e., in the 18th year of the reign of Salmanasar III, he handed over to this king rich gifts, including silver, gold, bronze, dyed purple fabric, ivory and wine [2] [10] [11] [13] [14] [24] [25] . At the same time, the Assyrians paid tribute to the king of Israel, Jehovah, as mentioned in the Black Obelisk [2] [23] [26] . By 838 BC e. another evidence of the payment by the Phoenician rulers of tribute to Salmanasar III. The Assyrian inscription says that the kings of Tire, Sidon, and Byblos paid tribute, but the names of these rulers are not called [25] .
Despite the submission of Assyria, Baalesor II was the most powerful of the Phoenician rulers : it is assumed that at that time the power of the Tyr king extended to Sidon [12] [25] . This assumption does not find unanimous support among orientalists , but probably the ruler of Tire could lead a coalition of Phoenician rulers, which also included Sidon and Byblos [9] .
After the death of Baalesor II, the throne of Throne was inherited by his son Mattan I [1] [10] [11] [12] [19] .
Comments
- ↑ B. A. Turaev in his translation of fragments of the work of Menander of Ephesus used other dates: seventeen years of reign and forty-five years of life. Such figures are contained in the Chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea , as well as Josephus Flavius who used the work of Menander. B. A. Turaev substantiated his opinion by the need to synchronize the life dates of Baalesor II with the dates of the life of his father Itobaal I and sister Jezebel [1] . Oriental scholar Edward Lipinski believes that it is more correct to determine the duration of the reign of Baalesor II at seven years, as this allows you to synchronize the dates of the reigns of the subsequent kings of Tire and Assyria [8] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Menander of Ephesus. Fragments // Phoenician mythology / translation B. A. Turaev - St. Petersburg. : Summer Garden , Neva , 1999.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire / Radner K. - Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Projects, 1999. - Vol. I, part II. - P. 242. - ISBN 951-45-8645-X .
- ↑ Lipiński, 2006 , p. 200.
- ↑ Joseph Flavius . Against Apion (Book I, Chapter 18).
- ↑ Joseph Flavius. About the antiquity of the Jewish people. Against Apion // Philo of Alexandria. Against Flaccus; About the embassy to Guy; Josephus. About the antiquity of the Jewish people; Against Apion. - Moscow-Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Moscow, 1994. - S. 113—222 .
- ↑ Turaev B.A. Tire chronicles // Phoenician mythology / comp. Gerasimova N.K., under the general. ed. Dovzhenko Yu.S. - St. Petersburg. : Summer Garden, Neva, 1999.
- ↑ Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 132.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lipiński, 2006 , p. 166-174.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 175-178.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lipiński E. Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique . - Leuven / Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 1995 .-- P. 222. - ISBN 978-9-0683-1690-2 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Aubert ME The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade . - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 2001. - P. 55-56 & 90. - ISBN 978-0-5217-9543-2 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lipiński, 2006 , p. 180-183.
- ↑ 1 2 Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 236-237.
- ↑ 1 2 Safar F. A Further Text of Shalmaneser III from Assur // Sumer. - 1951. - No. 7 . - P. 3-21.
- ↑ Liver J. The Chronology of Tire at the Beginning of the First Millennium BC // Israel Exploration Journal. - 1953. - No. 3 . - P. 119-120.
- ↑ Peñuela JM La Inscripción Asiria IM 55644 y la Cronología de los reyes de Tiro (1) // Sefarad. - 1953. - No. 13 . - P. 217-237.
- ↑ Peñuela JM La Inscripción Asiria IM 55644 y la Cronología de los reyes de Tiro (2) // Sefarad. - 1954. - No. 14 . - P. 1-39.
- ↑ Barnes WH Studies in the Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel. - Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991. - P. 29-55.
- ↑ 1 2 Liverani M. Israel's History and the History of Israel . - L. & N. Y .: Routledge , 2014 .-- P. 112. - ISBN 978-1-3174-8893-4 .
- ↑ Volkov A.V. Riddles of Phenicia. - M .: Veche , 2004 .-- S. 155-160. - ISBN 5-9533-0271-1 .
- ↑ Jezebel // Orthodox Encyclopedia . - M .: Church Scientific Center "Orthodox Encyclopedia" , 2009. - T. XXI. - S. 188-190. - 752 s. - 39,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-89572-038-7 .
- ↑ Jehu // Orthodox Encyclopedia . - M .: Church Scientific Center "Orthodox Encyclopedia" , 2009. - T. XXI. - S. 736-737. - 752 s. - 39,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-89572-038-7 .
- ↑ 1 2 Pritchard JB Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. - Princeton: Princeton University Press , 1969. - P. 278-280.
- ↑ Lipiński, 2006 , p. 166-174 & 180-183.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Bunnens G. L'histoire événementielle Partim Orient // Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten / Krings V. - BRILL, 1995 .-- P. 228. - ISBN 978-9-0041-0068-8 .
- ↑ Annals of Salmanasar III (Unavailable link) . The world of history. Date of treatment December 31, 2017. Archived April 1, 2009.
Literature
- Tsirkin Yu. B. From Canaan to Carthage. - LLC Astrel Publishing House; LLC "Publishing house AST". - M. , 2001 .-- 528 s. - ISBN 5-17-005552-8 .
- Lipiński E. On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches . - Leuven / Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 2006 .-- 483 p. - ISBN 978-9-0429-1798-9 .