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Abimilki

Abimilki ( Abimilku, Azimilk, Achimilk ; “[my] father is a king”; date. Abi-milki ) - ruler of Tire in the second half of the 14th century BC. e.

Abimilki
date fruit. Abi-milki
Abimilki
One of the letters of Abimilka to Pharaoh Akhenaten
ruler of Tire
second half of the 14th century BC e.
Predecessor... -DI.KUD
Successor?
DeathXIV century BC e.
Levant based on Amarna letters

Biography

Abimilki is known from the messages preserved in the Amarna archive . In them he is referred to as the "mayor of Surru " (that is, Tira). His reign dates back to the second half of the 14th century BC. e. (sometimes more accurately: between 1355 to 1335 BCE). On behalf of Abimilka, ten letters were written addressed to the Pharaoh of Egypt Akhenaten (messages No. 146-155) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .

Most of the references to Abimilki in the letters of the Amarna Archive are related to the situation that developed after the suppression of the uprising by the pharaoh Amenhotep III in several cities of Canaan and Phenicia . Wanting to put an end to the rebellion, the ruler of Egypt established garrisons in pacified cities, consisting of both local and soldiers brought there from other lands. The rulers of these cities were appointed persons who proved allegiance to the Pharaoh, including those from the local nobility. Among these was Abimilki, according to the message No. 295 [6] posed by the ruler of Tire by Amenhotep III, and possessing not only administrative, but also military power over the lands entrusted to him. In a message No. 147 [7] it is reported that Abimilki was approved by the pharaoh Amenhotep III heir to the possessions of his deceased father. Perhaps these ruler was the Tyr king, whose name on one of the badly damaged documents from the archive in Amarna (letter number 89 [8] ) reads like ... -DI.KUD. The message says that this king of Tire, who had been at enmity with the Sidon king named Yab (p) [...] for a long time, died during the rebellion of his subjects. The hostilities between Abimilka and these Sidon tsars are mentioned in another letter (letter No. 295). In a [9] the Tyr ruler is referred to as a “ ”: the assignment of such a title to a non-Egyptian testifies to the special trust of the new pharaoh Akhenaten to King Abimilka [1] [3] [10] [11] .

In one of the early messages (letter No. 114 [12] ), Abimilki was named an ally of the ruler Sidon Zimrida and the king Amurra Azir . However, in later letters Zimrid and Asiru are mentioned only as enemies of Abimilka. The reason for breaking the allied relations between these rulers was the seizure by the soldiers from Amurru of the city of Tsumur that belonged to the Tyr king . At the same time, Zimrida joined the possessions of the city of Wushu (the Greek name is Palletir ) [1] [13] [14], which was under the rule of the ruler of Tire.

In the message No. 147, Abimilki informed Akhenaten of Tire’s readiness for the arrival of a large Egyptian army , as well as the friendly relations of King Sidon Zimrida, who was subject to the pharaoh, and ruler Amurr Azir, hostile to the ruler of Egypt. Altogether Zimrid is mentioned in five out of ten letters of Abimilka [3] .

In a letter No. 148 [15], the ruler of Tire reported that he had sent tribute to the city to Egypt. He also asked Akhenaten for warriors for his protection, since his people were captured by order of Zimrid. Abimilki also mentioned the betrayal of King Hazor , who entered into an alliance with the enemies of the Egyptians habiru [3] .

In letters, Abimilki informed Akhenaten of the hostile actions of Tsar Sidon Zimrida, ruler Amurr Azir and the “people of Arvad ”, who had seized Tsumur and the territories around Tire. In particular, from the message No. 149 it is known that the Sydonians seized the mainland possessions of Tire, including Wushu, which greatly complicated the delivery to the city of fresh water, forest and land for the burial of the dead [13] [14] . The letter No. 151 [16] even mentioned the siege of the city. Desiring to expedite the arrival of Egyptian military aid to liberate the city from the oppression of enemies, in message No. 155 [17] Abimilki declared Tyr the possession of the eldest daughter of the pharaoh Meritaton , and himself as her servant. This step was probably caused by rumors circulating in Phenicia about the arrival of a large Egyptian army in the region, which was supposed to restore Akhenaten’s power in these lands. However, no evidence of Egyptian military activity in the northern outskirts of the kingdom at that time remained. Perhaps by the end of Akhenaten’s reign of all the Phoenician rulers, only the ruler of Tire remained loyal to the Egyptian pharaoh [2] [3] [10] [18] .

In the message No. 151, Abimilki wrote to Pharaoh about the death of King Danuna and the transfer of power to his brother, who was more peaceful towards the Tyrants than his predecessor. It also mentioned Zimrida’s ties with the peoples of the sea , as well as about the affairs in Canaan [1] .

In subsequent letters, Abimilki informed Akhenaten about other events in the Middle East. In particular, he reported that the supply of forest and fresh water was limited due to enemies in Tire, and that although there were no Hittite troops near the city, the king of Kadesh and Asira were fighting with the king of Damascus . In the [19] it is written about the victory of Abimilka over the enemies of the pharaoh, but in the letter No. 154 [20] again Zimrida’s crimes are reported. He prevented the bringing into the city of forest and drinking water, and also ordered the murder of one of the Tyr officials, and this forced Abimilki to again ask the ruler of Egypt to help the Tyrants to fight the atrocities of the ruler of Sidon [1] [21] .

Nothing is known about the further fate of Abimilka. In message No. 155, King of Tire wrote to Princess Meritaton of his intention to come to the court of the pharaoh if he could not keep the city in his power. Perhaps he did [18] . It may also be that Abimilki died during one of the revolts of the inhabitants of Tire [22] .

Who was the direct successor of Abimilka on the throne of Tire, information in historical sources has not been preserved. In manufactured around 1209 BC. e. “Papyrus Anastasi III” mentions the Tyr prince Baalat-tarmuk, but it is not reported whether he was the real ruler of the city. Information about the kings of Tire is also missing in the written in the XI century BC. e. the story " Travel of Unu-Amon ." The first after Abimilka known by name Tyr king was Abibaal , at the beginning of the X century BC. e. founded a new dynasty [4] .

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Reallexikon der Assyriologie / Ebeling E., Meissner B. - Berlin, Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1928. - Bd. 1 .-- S. 9.
  2. ↑ 1 2 Lexikon der Ägyptologie / Helck W., Otto E. - Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1975 .-- Bd. one.
  3. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Lexikon der Ägyptologie / Helck W., Otto E. - Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1984. - Bd. 6.
  4. ↑ 1 2 Lipiński E. Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique . - Leuven / Louvain: Peeters Publishers, 1995 .-- P. 220-221. - ISBN 978-9-0683-1690-2 .
  5. ↑ Leick G. Who's Who in the Ancient Near East . - L. & N. Y .: Psychology Press, 2002. - P. 2. - ISBN 978-0-4151-3231-2 .
  6. ↑ EA 295 (unspecified) . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative ]. Date of treatment December 31, 2017.
  7. ↑ EA 147 (unspecified) . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment December 31, 2017.
  8. ↑ EA 89 (unspecified) . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment December 31, 2017.
  9. ↑ EA 149 (unspecified) . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment December 31, 2017.
  10. ↑ 1 2 Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 73-74.
  11. ↑ Naʼaman N. Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE . - Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2005 .-- P. 65 & 68. - ISBN 978-1-5750-6113-9 .
  12. ↑ EA 114 (unspecified) . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment December 31, 2017.
  13. ↑ 1 2 Tsirkin, 2001 , p. 28, 40, 55, 63, 73-74 and 396.
  14. ↑ 1 2 Volkov, 2004 , p. 127.
  15. ↑ EA 148 (unspecified) . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment December 31, 2017.
  16. ↑ EA 151 (unspecified) . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment December 31, 2017.
  17. ↑ EA 155 (unopened) . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment December 31, 2017.
  18. ↑ 1 2 Volkov, 2004 , p. 115-116.
  19. ↑ EA 153 (unspecified) . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment December 31, 2017.
  20. ↑ EA 154 (unspecified) . Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Date of treatment December 31, 2017.
  21. ↑ Moran WL The Amarna Letters . - Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. - P. 240-241. - ISBN 978-0-8018-4251-1 .
  22. ↑ Shifman I. Sh. Phoenician Mariners. - M .: Nauka , 1965 .-- S. 26.

Literature

  • Tsirkin Yu. B. From Canaan to Carthage. - M .: LLC Astrel Publishing House; LLC "Publishing house AST", 2001. - 528 p. - ISBN 5-17-005552-8 .
  • Volkov A.V. Riddles of Phenicia. - M .: Veche , 2004 .-- 320 p. - ISBN 5-9533-0271-1 .

Links

  • The Encyclopedia of El Amarna Research Tool (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment December 31, 2017. Archived on September 3, 2011.
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abimilki&oldid=92754799


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