Max Noether (September 24, 1844 - December 13, 1921) was a German mathematician who worked in the field of algebraic geometry and the theory of algebraic functions . He was the father of Amy Noether .
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Biography
Max Noether was born in Mannheim in 1844 into a Jewish family of wealthy equipment wholesalers. His grandfather, Elias Samuel, founded the business in Bruchsal in 1797. In 1809, the Grand Duke of Baden issued a “Tolerance Edict”, by which the German hereditary surname was assigned to every male head of a Jewish family. Elias Samuel chose the name Noether, and as part of the Christianization of names, their son Hertz (Max’s father) became Herman. Max was the third of five children. Herman's wife was Amalia Würzberger.
At the age of 14, Max fell ill with polio , and its effects affected him throughout his life. He independently studied higher mathematics and entered the University of Heidelberg in 1865. He worked at the faculty for several years, and in 1888 he moved to Erlangen University . There he participated in the foundation of algebraic geometry as a branch of mathematics.
In 1880, he married Amalia Kaufmann, who was descended from another rich Jewish family of merchants. Two years later, they had a daughter, named Amalie ("Emmy") in honor of her mother. Amy Noether became one of the central figures in general algebra . In 1883, their son Alfred, who studied chemistry and died in 1918, was born. Their third child, Fritz, was born in 1884. Like Emmy Noether, Fritz Noether became a famous mathematician. Little is known about their fourth child, Gustav Robert, born in 1889. He suffered from a long illness and died in 1928.
Max Noether worked as a full professor in Erlangen for many years and died there on December 13, 1921.
Work in algebraic geometry
Brill and Max Noether developed alternative proofs using algebraic methods for most of the Riemann works on Riemann surfaces . In the they went further, estimating the dimension of the space of maps of degree d from an algebraic curve into a projective space P n . In birational geometry, Noether introduced the fundamental blow-up technique to prove the plane curves.
Max Noether made an important contribution to the theory of algebraic surfaces . was the first case of the Riemann-Roch theorem for surfaces. is one of the main restrictions on discrete invariants of surfaces. The Noether – Lefschetz theorem (proved by Lefschetz) says that very general surface of degree at least 4 in P 3 is generated by the restriction of the line bundle O (1) .
Max Noether and Castelnuovo showed that birational automorphisms of the complex projective plane is generated by a “quadratic transformation”
- [ x , y , z ] ↦ [1 / x , 1 / y , 1 / z ]
together with the PGL (3, C ) group of automorphisms of P 2 . Even today, the explicit generators of the group of birational automorphisms P 3 are not known.
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Archive for the History of Mathematics McTutor
- ↑ Mathematical Genealogy - 1997.
Literature
- Dick, Auguste . Emmy Noether: 1882-1935. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1981. ISBN 3-7643-3019-8 .
- Lederman, Leon M., Christopher T. Hill . Symmetry and the Beautiful Universe. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 2004. ISBN 1-59102-242-8 .
Links
- John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson . Noether, Max (English) - biography in the MacTutor archive.