Ivan Ivanovich Shtutser (1882 [1] —1932) was a Soviet agronomist, a breeder, and an opponent of collectivization in Tatarstan.
Ivan Ivanovich Shtutser | |
---|---|
Date of Birth | 1882 |
Place of Birth | Moscow |
Date of death | 1932 |
Place of death | Alma ata |
Occupation | agronomist, breeder |
Content
Biography
Born in 1883 Moscow. He graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Halle in Germany. In 1911–1920, he worked in the agronomical service of the Kazan provincial department of agriculture, first as an agronomist, then as chairman and head of a department, and later became the head of the State Seed Fund.
At least by the middle of 1918 left SR . On June 4, 1918, being the provincial commissioner of food, he supported the opponent of the surplus-development and supporter of the “free” prices of bread of the People's Commissar of Agriculture of the Kazan province KM Shnurovsky. The union opposed the formation of the deserts, as the informer of the Commissariat Tsyurupa Akimov wrote in his report: “He [Union] told me that he should conduct this policy [of the surplus and food detachments] if they want to be hungry, we will take bread from the peasants at free market prices. We are acting on the instructions of the peasant congress and the peasant section ” [2] . On July 17, L. I. Ruzer, a member of the Kazan College of the People's Commissariat of Education, directly addressed V. I. Lenin with a proposal to arrest Fitting. On July 17, 1918, at a joint meeting of the workers' and Red Army sections of the Kazan Council, the Union was removed from the post of the provincial commissioner, M. Sultan-Galiyev was appointed in his place [3] .
Then he worked simultaneously as the head of the seed department of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the head of the selection department of the Kazan Agricultural Experimental Station, which was founded in 1920. For her, 175 acres of land were allotted to the Zhuravlevyh estate in the village of Usady and 462 acres of land from the military ground of the former Junker School and all the buildings of the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery and the suburban Archbishop's cottage. Two experimental fields ( Laishevskoye and Spasskoe ), two seed farms and two strong points were also set aside for the station. Breeding works took place on a plot of 10-12 hectares near the village of Zmievo in the Chistopol canton of the Kazan province , in parallel they were carried out on the Shushary selection field of the Arsk canton . Help I. I. Schutser was provided by 15-20 students attached to him.
In 1921–1929, the Union produced a valuable early-ripening variety of millet flavum “Kazan 506” from local samples with a yield of 28-30 centners per hectare. The variety was zoned in the Krasnoyarsk and Altai Territories, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk, Tyumen and Novosibirsk regions.
Simultaneously, in 1921, the Union began to investigate the variability of buckwheat. He described the forms Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Fagopyrum emarginatum Roth, Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertner found in the vicinity of the Shushary village. The material was low-productive and heterogeneous in morphology and productivity. Work was begun on the selection improvement of local forms from the sowings of peasants. Later, the breeder applied the method of multiple individual selection. The work remained unfinished due to the arrest of the Union. Dedicated mid-season and early large-fruited material was completely lost. However, in 1934, the breeder A. F. Shubina produced the first drought-resistant variety, Kazan Local, which was notable for amicable ripening and lasted in production crops until the early seventies [4]
In 1920—1926, the Union made detailed maps and comparative tables on crops for each agro-soil region of the republic. He proposed the regional specialization of agriculture of Tatarstan, and the market, in the opinion of the researcher, was to become the mechanism for its implementation. He made a significant contribution to the monitoring of agricultural production and, based on these studies, made important theoretical generalizations. At the first agronomical congress of the Tatar Republic in 1929 in Kazan, Shtuzer made a report on the scientific substantiation of promising areas of agricultural development in Soviet Tatarstan.
As an employee of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, he sharply opposed an increase in the export of grain from Tatarstan, directive intervention in market relations, the imposition of a collective farm system on the peasantry. He was an opponent of complete collectivization and believed that the reconstruction of agriculture should be carried out mainly at the expense of state funds. During the ideological campaign to eradicate the sole peasant farms, Shtuzer argued the feasibility of their further development. I. I. Shtutser wrote:
“In the Tatar Republic, there is still no danger from the domination of the kulaks; the second is that the so-called powerful farms are in the Tatar Republic a type of medium economy, more multi-family than average, and therefore having the opportunity to earn on the side a slightly larger amount per consumer than the less middle-aged, thirdly, that a gradual the elimination of the group of low-powered farms and the growth of the middle group at the expense of the weak and powerful, and, fourthly, that the conditions of the Tatar Republic are completely different from the general economic conditions of the USSR, without giving an incentive to not only kulak farms, but even varieties of the type of farms, the so-called powerful farms ” [5] .
Arrested on October 4, 1930.
In 1931, a collection of articles “ Kondratyevshchina in Tataria” was published in Kazan (by the authors 3. Vintaykin, F. Medvedev and G. Schepherin). In it, in particular, 3. Vintaykin wrote: “while the party set itself the task of continuing and intensifying the fight against the fist, the Wrecker Union had argued the absence of the fist and the class struggle” [6] .
January 19, 1932 The Union was sentenced by the Board of the OGPU under article 58-7, 58-11 as a “member of the sabotage organization” to 5 years of concentration camps [in the Case of the Labor Peasant Party [7] , its Kazan branch]. On October 31, 1932, the unserved term of imprisonment was replaced by expulsion to Kazakhstan [8] . In 1932 he was exiled to Karaganda, then transferred to Alma-Ata, where he committed suicide [7] [9] .
Rehabilitated in September 1, 1988 [8] .
Proceedings
- Shtuzer I. I. The restoration of the agriculture of the Tatreyspublica and the prospects for the future // Labor and Economy - 1924. - № 12 - P. 1-25.
- Union I. I. Materials on the impoverishment of agriculture in the Tatar Republic. - Kazan, - 1928.
- Union I. I. To the question of the stratification of the peasantry in the Tatrespublic. // Labor and economy. 1926. - № 4. - p. 26-31.
- Shtuzer I.I. On-farm analysis of the Tatrespublic farm by budgets of 1924-1925. Kazan: Nar-komzem Publishing House, Tatrespublica, 1928. - 79 p.
Sources
Notes
- ↑ The date is given by sources [1] , [2] , [3] , however, in the article ( Asrutdinova R. A. Proceedings and scientific life of agricultural scientist I. I. Shtutsera. // International Scientific Research Journal. Historical Sciences. 2016. Issue No. 5 (47) Part 6, pp. 109-111 ) the date of birth is given as 1883
- ↑ National Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan (NART). F. 98. Op. 1. D. 11. L. 8 Cit. by: [4]
- ↑ Starikov S. V. The Kazan Left Socialist-Revolutionary Alternative to the Food Policy of the People's Commissariat (May-July 1918) // Chuvash University Bulletin 2013 No. 4 p. 72-76
- ↑ Kadyrova F. Z. Selection of large-fruited diploid buckwheat for yield, early ripeness, amicability of ripening and high quality of grain. Note: The speed with which this variety was bred (4 years after Shtuzer’s arrest) suggests that either this work was started with him or his development was not completely lost, but was partially used by his followers.
- ↑ Cit. by: Galimullin I. I. The Collectivization of Agriculture in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 1929-1932. // Diss. Cand. ist Sciences - Kazan, - 2000.
- ↑ Cit. by: Galimullin I. I. The Collectivization of Agriculture in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 1929-1932.
- ↑ 1 2 The intelligentsia of Tatarstan in the period of reforms and revolutions of the first third of the XX century: materials of the Republican scientific conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Galimdzhan Sharaf, December 3-4, 1996 Executive Committee, 1997 - p. 179
- ↑ 1 2 Book of Memory of the Republic of Tatarstan // Victims of Political Terror in the USSR
- ↑ Fleur Bagautdinov . According to the law of 1934. Tatar Prince. publishing house, 1990 - c. 133