Jeremiah (Jeremy [1] ) Bentham ( Eng. Jeremy Bentham ; February 15, 1748 , London - June 6, 1832 , ibid.) - English moral philosopher and lawyer, sociologist, lawyer , one of the greatest theorists of political liberalism , the founder of one of the trends in English philosophy - utilitarianism .
| Jeremy Bentham | |
|---|---|
| Jeremy bentham | |
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| Date of Birth | February 15, 1748 |
| Place of Birth | London england |
| Date of death | June 6, 1832 (84 years old) |
| Place of death | London england |
| A country | |
| Alma mater | |
| Language (s) of works | |
| School / tradition | utilitarianism |
| Direction | European philosophy |
| Period | Age of Enlightenment |
| Core interests | |
| Signature | |
Content
Biography
Born in the family of a lawyer. Brother - Samuel Bentham , English mechanical engineer. He studied law at Oxford ( 1760 - 1763 ). He studied at Westminster School, Queens College , University of Oxford , then entered the Lincoln's Law School. He bequeathed to his body to be preserved for posterity. His remains were dressed in a suit, and a wax mask was made on his face. In this form, the scientist is still exhibited in the main building of University College London [2] [3] .
Ethics
He considered private, individual interests as the only real ones, and reduced public interests to their totality. Ethical teaching is presented in the work " Deontology , or the science of morality" (vols. 1-2, 1834 ). The ethics of Bentham is based on the “principle of benefit”, according to which the actions of people, their relationships should receive a moral assessment of the benefits they bring. In determining the benefits, the private interests of the person are taken into account. The teaching of enlighteners in the interpretation of Bentham passed from him to the principle of "greatest happiness for the greatest number of individuals", in a call to achieve personal prosperity that increases the total amount of happiness (see the article Usefulness ). The criterion of morality is "the achievement of good, profit, pleasure, goodness and happiness."
Julia Annas pointed out that such a position is the development of the hedonism of the Cyrenaics , who viewed happiness in a similar way, but only on an individual plane, and not on a societal scale [4] .
It is indicated by one of the first who used the word "responsibility" ( English responsibility ) - in the essay "Fragment of the Board" (1776) under "responsibility of governors" ("responsibility of the rulers") he understood their obligation to answer (report) to citizens for their actions [5] .
Views
For political views, he was a supporter of liberalism. He sharply criticized the theory of the social contract of J.J. Russo as an exciting spirit of rebellion, however, he defended the demands of the reform of the English parliament on the basis of the expansion of suffrage. He defended the idea of free trade and unrestricted competition, which, in his opinion, should ensure peace of society, justice, equality. He was a supporter of freedom of speech , separation of the church from the state, female equality, the right to divorce, the prohibition of slavery , the prohibition of torture and corporal punishment, the abolition of punishment for homosexuals . He advocated for animal rights.
Among his followers and followers was, in particular, William Johnson Fox [6] .
Ratings
The Marxist history of philosophy was regarded as the ideologist of the market era of the industrial revolution in Great Britain . He spoke approvingly of a “sober” mind, considering the English political and economic system a natural and ideal social regime, and a representative of the English middle class as a “reasonable” person.
Despite the calm and friendly nature of Bentham himself, his ideas evoked the most harsh assessments. K. Marx called him "... a genius of bourgeois stupidity" [7] .
Works
- An introduction to the principles of morality and legislation = An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation / I. Bentham. - M .: ROSSPEN, 1998 .-- 415 p. - (History of Polit. Thought). - ISBN 5-86004-166-7
- Deontology, or The Science of Morality, v. 1-2, 1834
- Protection of interest (Defense of Usury, 1787); (written in Russia)
- Selected Works of Jeremiah Bentham / Per. in English. ed. Bowring and fr. Dumont, A.N. Pypin and A.N. Nevedomsky. T. 1-. - SPb .: Rus. books. trade, 1867. - (Library of classic West European writers in Russian translation).
- On Judicial Evidence: A Treatise by Jeremiah Bentham / By ed. Dyuman, per. with fr. I. Goronovich. - Kiev: type. M.P. Fritz, 1876. - [2], VI, VI, 421, [2] p.
- On the judicial system / Op. Bentham In Fr. ed. Dumont izl. A. Knirim. - SPb .: type. Governing Senate, 1860. - [2], 222, [3] p.
- Reasoning about civil and criminal law: With a preliminary statement of the law and universal outline of the complete Law Book, and with the addition of experience on the influence of time and place regarding laws / Op. English legal adviser Jeremiah Bentham; Published in French Step. Dumont according to manuscripts from the author delivered to him .; Translated by Mikhail Mikhailov; With the addition of additions from Mr. Dumont informed .; By the highest command. - SPb .: type. Shnor, 1805-1811.
- Theory of punishment and rewards (Theorie des peines et des recompenses, 1811).
- Legislative Assembly Tactics / Bentham; Per. M.K. - St. Petersburg: L. A. Volikhov, 1907. - 186, [2] p. - (Political experiences).
- The works of J. Bentham / Published by J. Bowring. - Vol. 1-2. - Edinburgh, 1838-1843.
- The correspondence of J. Bentham. V. 1-2. - L., 1968.
See also
- Panopticon
Notes
- ↑ [1] . This name transfer option complies with the rules of practical transcription .
- ↑ Bentham and UCL . University College London . Bentham Project (May 17, 2018). Date of treatment January 2, 2019.
- ↑ Auto-Icon . University College London . Bentham Project (May 17, 2018). Date of treatment January 2, 2019.
- ↑ Annas J. The Morality of Happiness - Oxford University Press, 1995. - P.230.
- ↑ Al-Ani N.M. Responsibility and its classical and non-classical paradigms . Journal of Actual Problems of the Humanities and Natural Sciences 182-187. Scientific publishing house "Institute for Strategic Studies" (July 2014). - “In many European languages, the word“ responsibility ”goes back to the Latin verb“ respondere ”, literally meaning“ promise ”or“ give in return ”, and in the broader sense -“ answer ”. The abstract noun from this verb, apparently, appeared no earlier than the second half of the XVIII century. In any case, one of the first to use the word “responsibility” is the English moral philosopher and jurist Jeremiah Bentham (1748-1832), who, in his essay “A fragment of the board” (1776) under “responsibility of governors ”(“ the responsibility of the rulers ”) understood their obligation to answer (report) to citizens for their actions [see: 2, p. 94, etc]. ”. Date of treatment January 2, 2019.
- ↑ Fox, William-Johnson // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Marx K., Engels F. Op. - 2 ed. - T. 23 - S. 624, approx.
Literature
- Adam Smith Beccaria and Bentham. John Mill Proudhon. The Rothschilds: Biogr. narration / [Compilation, total. ed. N. F. Boldyreva; After A.F. Arendar]. - Chelyabinsk: Ural, 1998. - 506, [2] p. - (Biographical Series, 1890-1915; T. 32). - ISBN 5-88294-089-3
- Barlova Yu. E. “Supervision and profit”: public charity and social assistance in the theoretical constructs of Jeremiah Bentham. // Dialogue over time, No. 33, 2010.
- Bentham, Jeremiah // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Bentham Jeremiah // Bari - Bracelet. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1970. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. Ed. A. M. Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, vol. 3).
- Blaug M. Bentham, Jeremiah // 100 Great Economists before Keynes = Great Economists before Keynes: An introduction to the lives & works of one hundred great economists of the past. - SPb. : Economics, 2008 .-- S. 31-34. - 352 p. - (Library of the Economic School). - 1,500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-903816-01-9 .
- Gryazin I.N. Jeremiah Bentham: (1748-1832). - Tallinn: Olion, 1990. - 148, [2] p. - (Thinkers of the past). - ISBN 5-450-01314-0
- Should law pursue interest? : Popul. set out. the teachings of Bentham and Turgot about interest ... - St. Petersburg: A. P. Chervyakov, 1865. - [2], 70 p.
- History of political doctrines. / Ed. S.F. Kechekyan and G.I. Fedkin . - M .: Gosyurizdat, 1955. - S. 374-380.
- Levenson P. Ya. Beccaria and Bentham, Their Life and Social Activities: Biogr. Essay by P. Ya. Levenson: From Portr. Beccaria and Bentham, engraved. in Leipzig Gedan. - SPb .: type. t-va "Soc. benefit ”, 1893. - 94 p.
- Louis Liar. English reformers of logic in the 19th century: Herschel. Jevell. Mill. Spencer Bentham Hamilton De Morgan. Boule. Jevons / Per. with 3 fr. ed. N. Davydova. - SPb .: type. H. Braude, 1897. - [4], 201 p.
- Pokrovsky P.A. Bentham and his time / Peter Pokrovsky. Priv.-Assoc. Petrogr. un-that. - PG: typ. A. E. Collins, 1916. - [2], XVI, 688 p. - (Notes of the Faculty of Law of the University of Petrograd; Issue 3).
- Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983.- S. 49.
- The philosophical age. Almanac. Vol. 9. The science of morality: J. Bentham and Russia / Otv. editors T.V. Artemyeva, M.I. Mikeshin. - St. Petersburg, 1999. [2]
- Yarosh K. Jeremiah Bentham, his attitude to the doctrine of natural law. - Kharkov: type. M.F. Zilberberg, 1886. - [2], 128 p.
- Jeremy Bentham. Edited by F. Rosen. Aldershot, 2007 (International Library of Essays in the History of Social and Political Thought).