Samoilovich, Ivan Samoilovich

Ivan Samoilovich, the son of a priest from the village of Khodorkov (formerly Skvirsky district of the Kiev province, now the Popilnyansky district of the Zhytomyr region), who moved to Krasny Kolyadin . He received an excellent education at that time and was put in the place of a hundred clerk. As a clerk, he earned the patronage of the General Secretary of the Zaporizhzhyan Army Stepan Grechaniy , after which he was appointed centurion in Veprika (Vepritskaya hundred, Gadyatsky regiment ), and then transferred to the centenary unit in Kolyadin . Further, with the same patronage, “from Bryukhovetsky,” he was appointed, first as a hunting colonel , and then as punishment colonel Chernigovsky ^[1] .

He was one of the active participants in the coup launched by Bryukhovetsky against the Moscow authorities, and showed great hostility to the Great Russians .

After the fall of the hetman Ivan Bryukhovetsky and the removal of Peter Doroshenko to the right bank of the Dnieper, Samoilovich “stuck” with the Many-Sinned, swore allegiance to the Moscow Tsar and received forgiveness from him. Having taken part in the overthrow of the Many-Sinned, he was elected in his place as hetman at a congress in Konotop on June 17, 1672 . Seeking to subordinate to his power the Right-Bank Ukraine , where Doroshenko dominated and at the same time was considered to be the hetman by the Khanenko posed by the Poles, Samoilovich in early 1674 opposed Doroshenko together with the Belgorod governor Grigory Romodanovsky .

In March of the same year, an election council was held in Pereyaslav , where Khanenko resigned as hetman, and the right-bank foremen who fell away from Doroshenko proclaimed hetman of Samoilovich. In 1676, Doroshenko, not finding support among the people, surrendered and, at the request of Samoilovich, settled on the left bank of the Dnieper, in Sosnitsa .

When a royal decree was received to send Doroshenko to Moscow , Samoilovich stubbornly (but in vain) resisted the extradition of his recent enemy, indicating that he, with all the foremen, guaranteed him security.

In 1677, the Turkish sultan Mehmed IV , considering himself the ruler of Right-Bank Ukraine, proclaimed hetman Yuri Khmelnitsky and sent a strong Turkish-Tatar army to Chigirin . Samoilovich, joining Romodanovsky, forced the Turks to retreat.

Preparing for a new war with the Turks, Samoilovich, according to the decision of the elders, approved by the Moscow authorities, started oranda (return to purchase) for wine, tar and tyutyun (tobacco) sales for a period of one year and began to mint a special coin in Putivl called “Czechs” . Petty bourgeois and villagers had to put each of his family according to the warrior: the rich - of the three members of the family of one, and the poor - from five of one.

In July-August 1678, the combined Cossack-Moscow army withstood a difficult battle with the Turkish-Tatar army at the heights between the Dnieper and Chigirin. Five Turkish Pasha and the Crimean Khan himself fought against Prince Romodanovsky. The Chigirinsky garrison was led by governor Rzhevsky, who was killed during the assault on the city. The Turks, made three digging, blew up gunpowder and pushed the garrison into the old upper part of the city. However, having suffered heavy losses, the Cossacks repelled two attacks of the Turks. At night, an order came to them from Romodanovsky and Samoilovich to light the city and go to carts to them, which was fulfilled. At dawn, Romodanovsky and the hetman retreated to the Dnieper. The enemy also did not begin to hold the ravaged Chigirin and left him. The unsuccessful campaign of Romodanovsky aroused in Little Russia talk of treason, which Samoilovich, however, did not believe. . There is a rumor that allegedly Romodanovsky gave such an order due to the fact that Tsar Fedor Alekseevich wanted to destroy Chigirin, moreover secretly from the Ukrainians. In fact, the tsar asked Romodanovsky and Samoilovich about the appropriateness of keeping Chigirin in general, in view of the Ruins and the desire to resolve relations with the Poles. This was done through the envoy of Colonel Tyapkin in Baturin.

“Is it possible to keep this city or should it be ruined? If you keep it, what will be the profit from this? ”Asked Fedor Alekseevich in a letter. ^[2]

Romodanovsky responded to the destruction of Chigirin in the negative. Samoilovich answered like this:

“If Chigirin ruin or allow the enemy to take possession of him, then unless before ruin or surrender to tell all the peoples in Ukraine that they are no longer needed by the great sovereign. We have the same word and deed throughout the Cossack people: with whom is Chigirin and Kiev, and all of them should be in eternal citizenship. If Yuraska Khmelnitsky lands in Chigirin with his rebels, then all the nations that have come to this side from the Dnieper will go again across the Dnieper to Yurask. And if the Turks sit in Chigirin, the Sultan will not send them supplies from their cities, they will take supplies from the cities and villages of this side, and the road will be open to the Turks near Putivl and Sevsk, because the Dnieper and Zadneprovye will be in their hands. ” ^[3]

Having received such an answer, as well as having read the letter of the Patriarch of Constantinople, where he also asked to keep Chigirin, Tsar Fedor Alekseevich decided not to ruin the city.

"The sovereign agreed with the opinion of Samoilovich, the Romodanovsky and Tsaregradsky patriarchs that it is necessary to keep Chigirin, strengthen him and supply the army." ^[3]

The withdrawal of the Russian-Cossack army was dictated by the losses and constant attacks of the pressing enemy.

At the beginning of 1679, Yuri Khmelnitsky with the Tatars crossed to the left bank of the Dnieper, but was soon driven out of there. After this, Samoylovich, at the behest of the Moscow government and on the advice of foremen, decided to destroy the inhabited places on the right coast of the Dnieper and evict the entire remaining population on the left side. In the depopulation of Right-Bank Ukraine, the Moscow government saw the best way to destroy its various claims and to ensure the security of the left side. The fulfillment of this plan (remaining in the people's memory under the name of the “ great drive ”) was entrusted to the son of the hetman, Semyon Samoilovich. Hetman offered to place new settlers (over 20,000 families) in Sloboda Ukraine so that all Sloboda regiments were under his control. This expressed the desire of Little Russians to unite, since the settlement of Sloboda Ukraine moved extremely quickly, and it was populated not only by the right-bank residents, but also by the left-bank ones, who were looking for big benefits in a new place. The Moscow authorities were not, however, disposed to give the hetman suburban regiments, which were under the jurisdiction of the Belogorodsky order , and the draft of Samoilovich was rejected.

In 1679, the Polish ambassadors appeared in Moscow, who began to propose the conclusion of an alliance of Christian sovereigns against the Mohammedans. Samoilovich tried to dissuade the Moscow government from such an alliance, pointing out the treachery of the Poles and the fact that if the war with the Turks were successful, Orthodox Christians who freely profess their faith under Turkish rule would be surrendered to the papists.

At the beginning of 1685, Samoilovich sent Kochubei to Moscow with an instruction that described in detail the insidious acts of the Poles and set out the wishes of the Little Russians - to take away the Russian ancestral lands from the Poles ( Podolia , Volyn , Podlasie , Podgorye and all of Chervona Rus ) and stand up for the Orthodox faith that suffers persecution and abuse in Polish areas.

Samoilovich’s efforts were in vain: prince Vasily Golitsyn , the omnipotent favorite of Tsarevna Sophia , was finally inclined to the idea of ​​eternal peace with the Commonwealth and the union of Christians against Islam . In this sense, an agreement was concluded with Poland in 1686 , and the question of Right-Wing Ukraine remained open; temporarily this land moved to Poland, but with the condition not to populate it.

Samoylovich’s dissatisfaction with this agreement was expressed in his letter to the Polish king Jan Sobieski , in which he, on behalf of the Zaporizhzhya army, expressed his readiness to act in the ongoing war, but at the same time requested the Little Russians to return Right-Bank Ukraine. The Polish king reported this trick of Samoilovich to Moscow, from where he was sent a reprimand for "opposition" to the hetman. Frightened Samoilovich immediately sent to ask for forgiveness.

In 1687, Vasily Golitsyn undertook his first Crimean campaign , in which Samoilovich also participated with a 50,000-strong Maloross army. This campaign ended in failure: the Tatars lit the steppe , and Golitsyn, not reaching the Crimea, was forced to retreat.

Between Great Russians, rumors began about the betrayal of Samoilovich, who allegedly set fire to the steppes from friendship to the Tatars. Golitsyn and the Moscow governors were glad to blame someone for their failure; in addition, Golitsyn had long disliked Samoilovich, who was friends with Prince Grigory Romodanovsky, to whom Golitsyn was not located. Malorossiyan Samoilovich restored against himself arrogance, greed and arbitrariness. Not only with the people, but also with noble people, the “hetman-popovich” kept himself as an autocratic despot . Samoilovich surrounded himself with small people whom he himself exalted; subservient to him, on his behalf they allowed themselves all kinds of atrocities. In the entire Hetman region , there was neither trial nor reprisal without bribes to Samoilovich’s administration. The mass of people moaned under the yoke of orand and the tax for grinding. These requisitions were levied with the permission of the Moscow government and went to the maintenance of the troops, but the people attributed them to greed and arbitrariness of Samoilovich.

In July 1687, general foremen and several colonels, apparently led by Mazepa , filed a denunciation against Prince Golitsyn against Samoilovich, accusing him of intending to form a separate possession from Little Russia. Golitsyn sent a denunciation to Moscow, from where he soon received a decree to arrest Samoilovich, to dismiss him, according to the elders' wish, from hetmanism and to send him to one of the Great Russian cities. Golitsyn sent Samoilovich to Orel , from where the hetman and his son Jacob were taken to Nizhny Novgorod .

In September of the same year, a royal decree took place: to send Samoilovich to Tobolsk , and his son Jacob and his wife to Yeniseysk . In 1690, Samoilovich died. In 1695, his son Jacob, who was transferred to Tobolsk , also died.

Samoylovich’s eldest son, the old-Duban colonel Semyon, died even earlier ( 1685 ), and the third son, Grigory, was accused of various “obscene” words about sovereigns and executed in Sevsk in 1687 .

• In 2000, a postage stamp of Ukraine dedicated to Samoilovich was issued .
• In 2008, a monument was installed in Baturin to the hetman Ivan Samoilovich, placed in the composition of the Baturin hetmans “Hetmans. Prayer for Ukraine . ”

• Almazov, A. S. Political portrait of the Ukrainian hetman Ivan Samoilovich in the context of Russian-Ukrainian relations (1672–1687) / A. S. Almazov; Rec .: G.A. Leontiev , A.I. Komissarenko , V.A. Artamonov . - M .: [Type. Moscow State University], 2012. - 288 p. - 1,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-9903505-1-9 (trans.).
• Vostokov, A. The court and execution of Grigory Samoilovich // Kiev antiquity. - 1889. - No. 1. - S. 41–63.
• Kostomarov, N.I. Ruin // Historical Monographs and Studies. - SPb. , 1881 .-- T. 25.
• Solovyov, S. M. The History of Russia from Ancient Times. - T. 13: From the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich to the Moscow unrest in 1682, Chapter 2: The reign of Fyodor Alekseevich // Works: in the 18th book .. - M .: Voice: Bell-Press, 1993-1998. - Prince 7: The history of Russia since ancient times. T.13-14 / Ans. Ed .: Ivanov N. A. .. - ISBN 5-7117-0352-02.

• Samoilovich, Ivan // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Ivan Samoilovich / Project “Ukrainian in Svity” (Ukrainian) .