Languages mikhe-soke ( Mikhe-Sok , Mish-Sok , Miskey; Mixe-Zoquean, Mije-Sokean, Mizoquean) - a family of Native American languages , common in Central America , in southern Mexico (the states of Tabasco , Oaxaca , Chiapas , Veracruz ). The Mexican government identifies three languages related to this family: mihe , juice and popoluksky languages, however S. Wichmann allocates [1] up to 12 living languages.
| Tongues myhe juice | |
|---|---|
| Taxon | Family |
| Status | Universally recognized |
| Area | Mid America (south of Mexico ) |
| Number of carriers | no less than 350,000 people |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of North America |
| |
| Composition | |
| branch mikhe , branch juice | |
| Language group codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-5 | - |
Family Composition
Søren Wichmann offers the following classification of languages mikhe-soke, which is the latest and most developed to date [2] : 161 :
- Miche branch (Miche, Michean)
- Oaxaca Group (Oaxaca Mihe):
- lowland mix (lowland mixe, lowland mixe)
- Piedmont Miche (Central Miche, Miche Foothills, Midland Mixe)
- North Mountain Mihe (Totontepek; North Highland Mixe)
- South Mountain Mihe ( Tlauitoltepek ; Ayuujk ; South Highland Mixe), including Ayutl dialect
- Tapachultek Language ( † )
- Sayultek language (Sayula-half-hearted; tʉcmay-ajw )
- Olyutek language (half-elk; Yaak'awü )
- Oaxaca Group (Oaxaca Mihe):
- Branch of juice (Sokey)
- Northern Group ( Gulf Juice; Gulf Zoquean)
- ayapa (ayapa-juice, ayapanek, tabasco-juice) (? † )
- Tehistepek language (tespispetek-half-hearted; Wää 'oot )
- Soteapan juice (Soteapanca, Sierra populuca, mountain sap, mountain popupeka; self-name Nundajɨɨyi )
- Chimalap juice (Oaxaca juice)
- santa mari dialect
- San Miguel dialect
- Chiapassky juice (actually juice)
- Northern Group ( Gulf Juice; Gulf Zoquean)
Grammatical characteristic
Miche-sock languages are characterized by vertex marking in the clause and polysynthetism with a rather poor nominal morphology. The morphological system is ergative , with elements of split ergativity . Three aspectual meanings are distinguished : incompleteness, completeness, and irrealis , and in the matrix and nested clauses the material expression of each aspect is different.
History
It is sometimes assumed that, in earlier times, Myhe-Soki languages were spoken across vast areas of Central America. T. Kaufman and L. Campbell based on the analysis of borrowings in other languages of Central America, made, as they believed, from the proto-language of myhe-juice, claimed [3] that the Olmecs , who controlled a significant territory in this region, were native speakers of this language. However, S. Wichmann [4] denies these constructions: according to his reconstruction, many of the borrowings in question are made from juice languages, and not from the proto-language, that is, they relate to a period later than the heyday of the Olmec culture.
Classification
Edward Sepir suggested that the languages of myhe-soke belong to the hypothetical Penutian macro-family , but this hypothesis did not become generally accepted
Notes
- ↑ Wichmann, Søren, 1995, The Relationship Among the Mixe-Zoquean Languages of Mexico. University of Utah Press. Salt Lake City. ISBN 0-87480-487-6
- ↑ Campbell 1997.
- ↑ Campbell, L., and T. Kaufman (1976), A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs, American Antiquity, 41 pp. 80-89.
- ↑ Wichmann 1995.
Literature
- Mixe-Zoquean // Campbell, Lyle. American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-509427-1
- Campbell L., Kaufman T. A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs // American Antiquity, 41 (1976). pp. 80–89.
- Kaufman, Terrence. Nawa linguistic prehistory. 2001.
- Wichmann, Søren. The Relationship Among the Mixe-Zoquean Languages of Mexico. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1995. ISBN 0-87480-487-6
- A series of articles by WL Wonderly in the journal Language: Zoque I: Introduction and bibliography , Zoque II: Phonemes and morphophonemes , Zoque III: Morphological classes, affix list, and verbs , Zoque IV: Auxiliaries and nouns (1951), Zoque V: Other stem and word classes , Zoque VI: Text (1952)
Links
- Page E. Reilly with materials on technical tepepepec, including a description of verb morphology