Lebedev, Vsevolod Vladimirovich

External images
External images
	Beginning of Lebedev's article “On“ Viktor Vaviche ”by Boris Zhitkov ...”
	Cover of the first book of Vera Chaplina and author's dedication to Vsevolod Lebedev

Vsevolod Vladimirovich Lebedev
Vsevolod Vladimirovich Lebedev
	Vsevolod Lebedev. 1935. Photos from the magazine "Our achievements"
Date of Birth	08 (21) .11.1901
Place of Birth	Amur Region (Russian Empire)
Date of death	January1938
Place of death	Moscow , Russia
Occupation	prose writer , literary critic , collector of folklore

Vsevolod Vladimirovich Lebedev ( April 8 (21), 1901 - January 1938 ) - Soviet writer, literary critic, collector of folklore of the Kola Peninsula , Udmurtia , Vyatka lands , the Urals , the Ussuri region .

Content

Biography

Vsevolod Lebedev, born on November 8 (21), 1901 in the Amur Region , where his father worked in the mines ^[2] . A few years later, the family moved to the town of Sloboda Vyatka Province, where Vsevolod Lebedev’s childhood passed. From 1911 to 1918, he studied at the Slobodskiy real school, after which he worked in the city library, taught, became one of the organizers of the Slobodskoy Museum of Regional Studies ^[3] , opened in 1921. The first publications of Vsevolod Lebedev also relate to this year ^[4] . In the early 1920s, he studied at the local history courses in Vyatka and worked in the local history museum.

In 1923 he entered the University of Petrograd ^[5] , where he studied at the archaeological department ^[6] . In his student years, Lebedev worked at the Hermitage ; after graduation, in 1928, he worked as an assistant to the head of the museum of the Trinity Sergius Lavra ^[7] . In the second half of the 1920s, he traveled to Udmurtia and the Murmansk District to study the folklore of the Finno-Ugric peoples - votyaks and Lapps . In 1931, he traveled to the Ussuri region, collecting in the area of the river Iman the folklore of the Golds and the Orochon . During the 1930s, Lebedev repeatedly traveled to the Urals, where he collected the folklore of mining and metallurgical workers.

From 1927 to 1937 his essays, stories and works of large forms were published in the magazines " New World ", "Star" , " Thirty Days ", " Red News ", " Our achievements ", " Friendly guys ", "Young Naturalist" , "Pioneer" .

Vsevolod Lebedev died at the age of 36 in January 1938. The exact date and circumstances of his death are not known. The first message about it appeared on February 10, 1938 on the front page of the Literary Gazette, in a critical article by the poetess Adeline Adalis about the work of the Writers Union:

“... Only a few days ago I happened to write about the prose writer Vsevolod Lebedev, as a living, living person. And this man, it turns out, died a month before. A young, talented prose writer, a great master, a true artist died, and no one knew about it, including the author of the article and the editorial board of the newspaper ^[8] . Neither the writers' association, nor the Litgazeta even informed about his death. Almost no one knows how he lived, in what conditions he worked ... ".
- Notes on the writers union ^[9] .

In the April issue of the magazine Thirty Days, an obituary was posted without the date of the death of Vsevolod Lebedev, according to which “a very peculiar and talented Soviet writer” died “from a sudden and terrible disease” ^[10] . They didn’t add clarity and wording in the posthumous articles about Lebedev’s works in the Literary Review : “... Death cut short his plans ...” ^[11] and in the preface to the publication of the writer's chosen works: “... The young writer's untimely death ended his life ...” ^{[ 12]} . The silence of the date and circumstances of the death of V. V. Lebedev in open publications allowed decades later to put forward a version of the writer's suicide in anticipation of arrest ^[13] . However, the author of this statement, the Kirov ethnographer Alexander Reva, did not cite this evidence in his publications. There is another version of V. V. Lebedev’s death, according to which “in September 1937, Vsevolod Vladimirovich became seriously ill, and he was diagnosed with a brain tumor. In December 1937, he was transferred to the Neurosurgical Institute, where he died on January 16, 1938 on the operating table ” ^[14] . Vsevolod Lebedev was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery ^[15] .

Assessment of creativity

The peculiarity of the writer's material and creative manner of Vsevolod Lebedev manifested itself in the late 1920s, when his essays about votyaks (1928-1929), Lapps (1929) and other materials began to appear in the children's magazine Druzhnaya Guys. Lebedev's first big book, The Polar Sun (1930), caused a very positive response from Maxim Gorky :

“... We have excellent books that masterfully depict the life and life of even those tribes who lived without a word, were mute and had just been awakened by the powerful hand of the revolution from“ the sleep of the centuries. ” I will point out the novels of Milia Yezersky from the life of the Samoyeds, on the Polar Sun - the beautiful story of Vsevolod Lebedev about the life of Lapps ... ”
- About literature // Our achievements. - 1930. - № 12.

Equally interestedly responded to the book Lebedev "To the Northern peoples" (1931) and "Hunters on Iman" (1932) Viktor Shklovsky :

“... The difference between Lebedev and the old traveler is that for him the boil is not exotic. He views him calmly and intently, like Leningrad. Sees a lot and for sure. These calm details change their scale.
... A new writer has appeared. With an eye and a calm voice. "
- To know the land - to know the writer // Literary Gazette. - 1932. - November 29th.

Lebedev's next book, Vyatka Notes, is also saturated with folklore material, but its genre framework has expanded considerably. Literary critic Caesar Volpe noted its unusual, innovative nature and particularly focused on the autobiographical aspect of the book:

“... Indeed, it is difficult to determine the genre of the book by Lebedev. This - and autobiography, and the chronicle, and local history research. And, however, this book is not similar to any of the indicated types of literature. In essence, we have the genre of the book, which we still did not know.
... Lebedev is one of the representatives of a new type of professional biography created by October. First, a librarian at the Sloboda Library, then a teacher of international language “Esperanto” at the National University, then a teacher of soil science at agricultural courses, Lebedev began to work that he did not know enough. In essence, each new job was his “My universities”. ... Then Lebedev organizes a museum, works in the foodstuffs shop, collects bread for sending to the front, participates as an expert on museum business in the seizure of church property, studies regional folk art and folk art, etc., etc. Telling his biography Lebedev was able to show how the October Revolution rebuilt and turned over the whole structure of life, how she “identified” his personal wanderings in search of a profession. ” ^[16] .

The story "Comrades" (1935) - about the pre-revolutionary Urals - made the name of Vsevolod Lebedev known to a wide circle of readers ^[17] and received the most significant support of criticism due to its socially significant topics. However, the next work of the writer, the poem in prose “Childhood” (1936), turned out to be a work in which the subject of individual personal and plotless immersion into the world of children's perception was too “far from what the entire Soviet artistic community is fighting for now” ^[18] . The poem "Childhood", published in the magazine "Red Nov", was not released as a separate edition.

Critical and editorial activities

Along with the writer's work, Vsevolod Lebedev was engaged in literary criticism and editorial work. In the first half of the 1930s, he collaborated on the editorial board of Thirty Days magazine ^[19] . His critical articles were published in the Literary Gazette , in the magazines Zvezda, Book for Children, Children's Literature . Among the most notable critical works of Lebedev are his article on Vitaly Bianki ^[20] , which was highly praised by S. Marshak ^[21] , as well as an article on Boris Zhitkov’s novel Victor Vavich ^[22] , which Lebedev published probably to help Zhitkov in overcoming censorship barriers " ^[23] .

An important evidence of Lebedev’s interested and benevolent attitude to everything talented and distinctive in the work of other writers is the recollection of him by Pavel Bazhov in a letter to L. I. Skorino:

“... In one of the reviews, I was greatly hurt by the mention of Sun. Vl. Lebedev. I do not know how you feel about the works of the late writer, but it was a great omission from my side that he did not say this in his letters of reply. Meanwhile, Sun. Vl. in my fate played a very big role. In essence, he was the first to help me overcome the fears that the work might be called stylization, and first took the tales to Moscow, where they were published in Krasnaya Novi [in No. 11, 1936] ... ”. ^[24] .

Vsevolod Lebedev played an important role in the fate of the writer Vera Chaplina , who considered him to be her literary teacher. In 1933, Lebedev, working with the editorial board of the journal “Young Naturalist”, provided literary assistance “in comradely patronage” ^{[25] to} novice authors and employees of the Moscow Zoo Vera Chaplina and Elena Rumyantseva. In the spring of 1935, completing work on a book about the site of young stock , Chaplin wrote:

"..." I am not a writer, and never thought to be. Engaged in this business by accident. I got acquainted with the writer V. V. Lebedev, and he suggested me to write. “You have a lot of interesting things,” he said. “You could write about the beasts from your work with them, and where necessary, I will help you.”
... The beginning author does not notice his mistakes. For this you need a lot of experience and ability to write. I didn’t have this, and I felt the lack of criticism very much ... Lebedev patiently, not showing a mistake directly, pushed me towards her. For example, in describing the site, I indicated in detail where the tree was, the stump, the grass grew. Then V.L. asked me to describe an ordinary chair. I couldn't do it. “And if you put a person in prison,” he asked, “and by the way he, leaning over his shoulders, sat down, giving the shape of a chair?” It was so simple that it even seemed strange to me, as I had not guessed before. Immediately I saw my mistake and, describing the site, I gave it the form and appearance of the behavior of animals ... " ^[26] .

Family

His wife, Nina Pavlovna Sakulin (1898-1975), is a doctor of pedagogical sciences, a specialist in the field of artistic education of preschoolers, and a daughter of academician P. P. Sakulin ^[27] .

Major Works ^[28]

Polar sun - M .: Federation. - 1930. - 141 p.
To the northern peoples (a trip to the Lapps). - M .: OGIZ-Young Guard. - 1931. - 158 s.
Hunters on Iman. - M .: OGIZ-Young Guard. - 1932. - 78 p.
Vyatka notes ^[29] . - L .: Writers Publishers. - 1933. - 186 p.
Voices of workers. - L .: Writers Publishers. - 1933. - 177 s.
Comrades. - M .: Owls. writer. - 1935. - 240 p.
Childhood: poem // Red nov. - 1936. - № 1. - p. 3-97.
The detachments [in collaboration with S. Kolyadzhin; play in 4 d. 10 scenes]. - M .: Goslitizdat, 1936. - 120 p.
Masters (Chronicle of the two plants). - M .: Owls. writer. - 1937. - 249 s.

Memory

In the town of Slobodskoy, on the house where Vsevolod Lebedev lived, a memorial plaque was installed ^[30] .
The Lebedev readings were established and conducted at the Sloboda Regional Museum ^[31] .

Notes

↑ Photo from the article: V. Lebedev. The invention makes people like facts [statement on the editorial topic: about the fact and fiction in the essay] // “Our achievements”. - 1935. - № 10. - p. 157-159.
↑ Encyclopedia of the Land of Vyatka: 10 t. T.6: Notable people (Biogr. Words; comp. S. P. Kokurina). - Kirov, 1996. - p. 249. In the literature there is no consensus about the date and place of birth of Vsevolod Lebedev. "The Encyclopedia of the Land of Vyatka" specifies the place of his birth: "On the Amur, Art. Rauda "; a colleague of Lebedev in the Sloboda Museum claimed that he was born in Slobodskoye ( Ruzhevskiy S.L. Vsevolod Vladimirovich Lebedev // Leninsky path. - Slobodskoy. - 1956. - October 5); A modern researcher reports that according to V. V. Lebedev’s personal data, the Vyatka GubONO documents for 1918 indicate a different date and place of his birth: October 26, 1901 in the village of Lebedevskaya, Khalturinskaya region, Kotelnichesky district ( Khokhlov A. А. Vsevolod Lebedev? / Lebedev readings, 2001 // Museum and destinies ... - Slobodskoy. —2011. - S. 1.).
↑ Smykov E. Writer Vsevolod Lebedev // Slobodskie news. - 1991. - November 7th.
↑ Rogozhnikov, 2011 , p. eight.
↑ Ruzhevsky S.L. Vsevolod Vladimirovich Lebedev (see above).
↑ Levin, 1941 , p. four.
↑ Materials to the biography of V. V. Lebedev from the archive of the Vyatka ethnographer V. G. Plenkov (State Archive of the Kirov region, f. R-128, op.1, d.548, l.9). (Unsolved) (inaccessible link) . The date of circulation is October 11, 2018. Archived September 4, 2017.
↑ We are talking about the newspaper Izvestia, which published on February 5, 1938, an article by A. Adalis with an overview of the main publications of the magazine Krasnaya Novy for 1937, among which the novel Vs. Lebedeva "Plants".
↑ Adalis A. Notes on the Writers Union // Literary Gazette. - 1938. - February 10th.
↑ In memory of V. V. Lebedev: Obituary // 30 days. - 1938. - № 4. - p. 96.
↑ Chertova, 1938 , p. 48.
↑ Levin, 1941 , p. eight.
↑ Reva A.V. Preferred to kill himself (To the 90th anniversary of the birth of Vsevolod Lebedev) // Kirovskaya Pravda. - 1991. - November 30th.
↑ Materials to the biography of V. V. Lebedev from the archive of the Vyatka ethnographer V. G. Plenkov (see above).
↑ 2 plot, 9 row, place 25 (in the Sakulin family burial)
↑ Volpe, 1933 , p. 186–188.
↑ Levin, 1941 , p. five.
↑ Sats, I. A. “Red Novel” No. 1 [review of the magazine, including about the poem “Childhood”] // Literary Review. - 1936. - № 4. - p. 42.
↑ Vasilkova, 2012 , p. 48.
↑ Lebedev V. Vitaly Bianki // Literary Gazette. - 1934. - May 10th.
↑ S.Marshak Children's literature and criticism // Literary Leningrad. - 1935. - № 11 (March 10).
В. V. Lebedev. About “Viktor Vavich” by Boris Zhitkov and about // Zvezda. - 1933. - № 2-3. - p. 172-177.
↑ Vasilkova, 2012 , p. 49.
↑ Bazhov, 1952 , p. 339.
↑ Zlobin S. Young authors in children's literature // Children's literature. - 1935, № 6. - p. 15.
↑ Taviev M. Yu. Vera Chaplin. Life and art. - SPb. Petropolis, 2016. - p. 61.
↑ Family burial of the Sakulin. Notes to the photo.
↑ The list includes the first editions of V. V. Lebedev’s works. Detailed bibliography is presented here: https://1-9-6-3.livejournal.com/469614.html
↑ With the author's dedication to Nina Sakulina and Lev Lebedev.
↑ To the address: Sovetskaya Street (formerly Glazovskaya), 75-F.
↑ In November 2001, the XI Lebedev Readings dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the writer's birth were held at the Sloboda Regional Museum of Local History.

Literature

Volpe Ts. About two books by Vsevolod Lebedev [“Voices of the Workers”, “Vyatka Notes”] // Zvezda, No. 11. - L., 1933. - 181-189 p.
Theological N. Writer Vsevolod Lebedev // Thirty Days, № 8. - M., 1935. - 71-75 p.
Lezhnev A. About Vsevolod Lebedev // October, No. 9. - M., 1935. - 217-223 p.
Borovoy L.Ya. Vsevolod Lebedev // Krasnaya nov, No. 1. - Moscow, 1936. - 238-245 p.
Chertova N. Vsevolod Lebedev // Literary Review, No. 7. - M., 1938. - 46-49 p.
Levin F. Vsevolod Lebedev (1901—1938) // Lebedev V. Favorites. - M: Soviet writer, 1941. - 3-8 p.
Bazhov P. P. From a letter to L.I. Skorino of July 25, 1947 / Bazhov P. P. Works in 3 tons. T. 3. - M., 1952. - 339-340 p.
Kuznitsyn E. A. Writer Vsevolod Lebedev // Kirovskaya Pravda. - 1956. - July 14th.
Tocheny O. Echerkist from Vyatka // Literary Russia. - 1977. - July 27th.
Efimova N. M. V. V. Lebedev and his “Vyatsky notes” // Vyatskaya land in the past and present: Proc. report and message II scientific Conf .: In 2 t. - Kirov. - 1992. - T.1. - p. 259-261.
Belousov A. F. The Lapland route of Vsevolod Lebedev // Northern text in Russian culture: materials of the Intern. Conf., Severodvinsk, June 25-27, 2003 - Arkhangelsk, Ed. center of PSU. - 2003. - pp. 76-79.
Rogozhnikov O.V. Vsevolod Vladimirovich Lebedev. (1901-1938). Bibliography / Lebedev readings 11/23/2001 // Museum and destinies: (Slobodskoy Museum and Exhibition Center, a municipal cultural institution: materials of readings and conferences). - Slobodskoy, 2011. - 8-9 p.
Vasilkova, G.S. Roman B.S. Zhitkov “Victor Vavich” in literary criticism of the 1920s-1930s. // Bulletin of the Pskov State University. Series "Socio-humanitarian and psychological-pedagogical sciences." Issue 1. - Pskov: Pskov State University, 2012. - 48-50 p.

Links

[1] Photo from the article: V. Lebedev. The invention makes people like facts [statement on the editorial topic: about the fact and fiction in the essay] // “Our achievements”. - 1935. - № 10. - p. 157-159.

[2] Encyclopedia of the Land of Vyatka: 10 t. T.6: Notable people (Biogr. Words; comp. S. P. Kokurina). - Kirov, 1996. - p. 249. In the literature there is no consensus about the date and place of birth of Vsevolod Lebedev. "The Encyclopedia of the Land of Vyatka" specifies the place of his birth: "On the Amur, Art. Rauda "; a colleague of Lebedev in the Sloboda Museum claimed that he was born in Slobodskoye ( Ruzhevskiy S.L. Vsevolod Vladimirovich Lebedev // Leninsky path. - Slobodskoy. - 1956. - October 5); A modern researcher reports that according to V. V. Lebedev’s personal data, the Vyatka GubONO documents for 1918 indicate a different date and place of his birth: October 26, 1901 in the village of Lebedevskaya, Khalturinskaya region, Kotelnichesky district ( Khokhlov A. А. Vsevolod Lebedev? / Lebedev readings, 2001 // Museum and destinies ... - Slobodskoy. —2011. - S. 1.).

[3] Smykov E. Writer Vsevolod Lebedev // Slobodskie news. - 1991. - November 7th.

[_d96a484c3d2d3f39-4] Rogozhnikov, 2011 , p. eight.

[5] Ruzhevsky S.L. Vsevolod Vladimirovich Lebedev (see above).

[_362edcda034bebdf-6] Levin, 1941 , p. four.

[7] Materials to the biography of V. V. Lebedev from the archive of the Vyatka ethnographer V. G. Plenkov (State Archive of the Kirov region, f. R-128, op.1, d.548, l.9). (Unsolved) (inaccessible link) . The date of circulation is October 11, 2018. Archived September 4, 2017.

[8] We are talking about the newspaper Izvestia, which published on February 5, 1938, an article by A. Adalis with an overview of the main publications of the magazine Krasnaya Novy for 1937, among which the novel Vs. Lebedeva "Plants".

[9] Adalis A. Notes on the Writers Union // Literary Gazette. - 1938. - February 10th.

[10] In memory of V. V. Lebedev: Obituary // 30 days. - 1938. - № 4. - p. 96.

[_81c4d8410473904e-11] Chertova, 1938 , p. 48.

[_362edcda034bebd3-12] Levin, 1941 , p. eight.

[13] Reva A.V. Preferred to kill himself (To the 90th anniversary of the birth of Vsevolod Lebedev) // Kirovskaya Pravda. - 1991. - November 30th.

[14] Materials to the biography of V. V. Lebedev from the archive of the Vyatka ethnographer V. G. Plenkov (see above).

[15] 2 plot, 9 row, place 25 (in the Sakulin family burial)

[_a77aa7f06b1b2719-16] Volpe, 1933 , p. 186–188.

[_362edcda034bebde-17] Levin, 1941 , p. five.

[18] Sats, I. A. “Red Novel” No. 1 [review of the magazine, including about the poem “Childhood”] // Literary Review. - 1936. - № 4. - p. 42.

[_6ec87e89a4346800-19] Vasilkova, 2012 , p. 48.

[20] Lebedev V. Vitaly Bianki // Literary Gazette. - 1934. - May 10th.

[21] S.Marshak Children's literature and criticism // Literary Leningrad. - 1935. - № 11 (March 10).

[22] В. V. Lebedev. About “Viktor Vavich” by Boris Zhitkov and about // Zvezda. - 1933. - № 2-3. - p. 172-177.

[_6ec87e89a4346801-23] Vasilkova, 2012 , p. 49.

[_fdc4301bdefe00aa-24] Bazhov, 1952 , p. 339.

[25] Zlobin S. Young authors in children's literature // Children's literature. - 1935, № 6. - p. 15.

[26] Taviev M. Yu. Vera Chaplin. Life and art. - SPb. Petropolis, 2016. - p. 61.

[27] Family burial of the Sakulin. Notes to the photo.

[28] The list includes the first editions of V. V. Lebedev’s works. Detailed bibliography is presented here: https://1-9-6-3.livejournal.com/469614.html

[29] With the author's dedication to Nina Sakulina and Lev Lebedev.

[30] To the address: Sovetskaya Street (formerly Glazovskaya), 75-F.

[31] In November 2001, the XI Lebedev Readings dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the writer's birth were held at the Sloboda Regional Museum of Local History.