Violet

Representatives of the genus Violet are found in most regions of the world with a temperate climate; The highest concentration of species is observed in North America , the Andes and Japan .

Many species are characteristic endemic plants for the South American Andes ; a small number of species is found in subtropical Brazil , in tropical and South Africa (in the Cape region ); in Australia , New Zealand , on the Sandwich Islands .

Violets are mostly annual or perennial herbaceous plants , occasionally shrubs (species growing in the Andes ), with alternating, simple or cirrus-dissected leaves equipped with stipules .

The flowers are single, axillary, bisexual, zygomorphic (open and closed), perianth double: five free remaining sepals with backward facing appendages, five free petals , of which the anterior with spur. Five stamens , they are pressed against the pestle, their strings are short, the front two stamens are with saccular nectary ; the binder expands above the anthers in the flake. Pestle with an upper, single nest, multi-seeded ovary, short column, and capitate or lamellar stigma.

The fruit is a box opening with sashes. Seeds are proteinaceous, with a central germ.

Cultivating Ornamental Violets

Some types of violets are the favorite plants of flower beds . Numerous plant varieties called Pansies are common. Some of them are bred for fragrant flowers, such is Viola odorata (with countless garden varieties, crossbreeds, etc., there are varieties with simple and double flowers, there are also remontant ones); others - for the sake of bright flowers of all kinds of colors (monochromatic, motley, light and dark), shape and size, what are Viola tricolor , Viola altaica , Viola lutea and a mixture of these and other species.

Medical use

The tricolor violet herb is used in medicine ( lat. Herba Jacea , Herba Violae tricoloris ) as a diuretic, antiallergic, antipyretic.

Symptoms of damage - leaves are eaten. Pests: Clover scoop ( Mamestra trifilii Rott. ), Violet nacre ( Argynnis euphrosyne L. ).

Symptoms of damage - leaves, stems, which are covered with a white or grayish cobwebous plaque, are affected; later, numerous black dots of the fruiting bodies of the fungus form on it. Disease - powdery mildew , pathogens: Erysiphe cichoracearum f. violarum ( Died. ) Jacz. , Oidium violae Sacc.

Symptoms of lesion - powdery rust-brown postulates on leaves and petioles. The disease is rust , pathogens: Puccinia violae DC. and other species.

Symptoms of damage - on the leaves of various kinds of spots. With a severe defeat, the leaves dry out. The disease is spotting . Pathogens: Septoria violae Westend. , Phyllosticta tricoloris Sacc. , Ascochyta violae Sacc. et Speg. , species Ramularia Unger , Cercospora Fresen.

Symptoms of damage - on the leaves, petioles and ovary, various sizes and forms of swelling are formed, filled with a black spore mass. Disease - smut , pathogens: Urocystis violae ( Sowerby ) AAFisch.Waldh. , Urocystis kmetiana Magnus .

Symptoms of damage - affects the base of the stem at seedlings and seedlings. At the site of the lesion, the stem darkens and thins. Sick plants wilt, death occurs within 3 to 4 days. The disease is a black leg , pathogens - Pythium debarianum R. Hesse , Fusarium sp. , Rhizoctonia aderholdii ( Ruhland ) Marchion. ., Olpidium brassicae ( Woronin ) PADang.

Symptoms of damage - the flowers are covered with a gray fluffy coating, in which small black streaks of sclerotia may appear. Under plaque - rot of flowers, upper part of peduncles, seeds. The disease is gray rot , pathogen: Botrytis cinerea Pers.

Symptoms of damage - all aerial parts of the plant are affected. On the leaves on the upper side, yellowish gradually brownish blurry spots form, on the lower side of which there is a barely noticeable whitish or grayish coating. The stems in the affected areas are bent, the affected buds do not bloom or give ugly flowers (diffuse form). Affected organs dry out prematurely. Outbreaks correspond to rainy weather. The infection persists on plant debris and in the seeds of affected plants. Disease - downy mildew , pathogen: Peronospora violae de Bary .

Symptoms of damage - the leaves turn yellow, the stem at the base darkens, softens. A plaque forms on the affected part: with late blight - white arachnoid, with rhizoctonia - brown felt; with sclerotiniosis - white cotton-like. In the latter case, rot can spread up the stalk; inside the stem, clusters of mycelium and large black sclerosis also form. Plants usually die. The disease contributes to excess moisture in the soil, the increased acidity of the soil solution. The infection persists in the soil. The disease is rot of the roots and base of the stem . Pathogens: Rhizoctonia , Sclerotinia , Phytophtora cryptogea Peth. et Laff.

Symptoms of lesion - variegation on the flowers. The leaves become chlorotic, their ends die off. The disease is motley , the causative agent of the cucumber mosaic virus ( Cucumius mosaic virus 1 ). Aphid carriers: Muzus persicae , Macrosiphon solonifolii , etc.

Symptoms of damage - numerous necrotic rings with dark green centers develop on the leaves. The disease is tobacco ring spot virus , the causative agent is tobacco ring spot virus ( Tobacco ringspot virus ).

Symptoms of damage - the aerial parts of the plant (leaves, flowers) are affected, diseased plants are inhibited and lagging behind in development. The pest is a parasite of the aerial parts of plants, strawberry nematode ( Aphelenchoides fragariae ( Ritzema Bos ) ).

Symptoms of damage - the roots of the plant are affected, diseased plants are depressed and lag behind in development, lose their decorative effect. The pest is a parasite of the roots of plants gall nematode ( Meloidogyne spp. ).

Symptoms of damage - the roots of the plant are affected, with the formation of necrosis on them, diseased plants are inhibited, lagging behind in growth. The pest is a parasite of the roots of plants, paralongidorus maximus ( Paralongidirus maximus ( Bütsch. ) Sidd. ).

Symptoms of damage - the roots of the plant are affected, due to their reduction. In the initial stages of the disease, yellow necrotic spots form on the roots. The integumentary tissues of the roots are affected by the nematode and are open for access by pathogenic fungal and bacterial microflora. Over time, the infected roots darken and die. Sick plants are oppressed, lagging behind in development, lose their decorative effect. The pests are pratylenchs : penetrating pratylenchus ( Pratylenchus penetras ( Gobb. ) Filip et Sch.St. ), a wounding short-bodied nematode ( Pratylenchus vulnus All. Et Jens. ) ^[4] .

Types of violets common in Russia

In the European part of Russia there are about twenty species of violets. The most common are:

• Swamp violet ( Viola palustris L. ) - along swamps, swampy meadows and forests, the banks of water bodies.
• Wittrock violet ( Viola × wittrockiana Gams ex Hegi ), garden pansies - a widely cultivated species, garden hybrid Viola altaica Ker Gawl. × Viola lutea Huds. × Viola tricolor L.
• Fragrant violet ( Viola odorata L. ) - is rare, often cultivated in gardens, parks, cemeteries.
• Pubescent violet ( Viola hirta L. ) - in forests, meadows, and steppes.
• Single -flowered violet ( Viola uniflora L. ) - grows in mixed grass and grass-moss forests, light forests, tundra, meadows, meadow slopes in Siberia, Mongolia, the Far East.
• Field Violet ( Viola arvensis Murr. ) - weed in the fields along the roads.
• Dog violet ( Viola canina L. ) - on dry sandy slopes, meadows, heaths , in forests, shrubs; blooms from April to June odorless, one-color light blue flowers; aerial stems carry ovoid-heart-shaped leaves with short stipules.
• Marsh violet ( Viola uliginosa Bess. ) - along moist floodplain meadows and forests, river banks, streams.
• Three-colored violet ( Viola tricolor L. ), pansies - in the fields, meadows, hills; flowers are either one-color (yellow or whitish), or two-color (the lower petal is yellow, the rest is purple), the stigma is round.
• Amazing violet ( Viola mirabilis L. ) - along oak forests, less often other forests, no stems, light purple odorous flowers.
• Two-flowered violet ( Viola biflora L. ) - along the tundra, alpine meadows, river and lake banks, in coniferous and birch forests.

Some other types of violets

• The hook-curved violet ( Viola adunca ) is a species widespread in North America ; plants with a height of 5 to 10 cm with leaves that have a purple hue and purple flowers.
• Canadian violet ( Viola canadiensis ) - a view from the mountainous wooded areas of North America ; plants with thin stems , 5 to 10 cm high, with purple leaves and purple flowers.
• Horned violet ( Viola cornuta ) - a view from the mountainous regions of the Pyrenees ; plants with relatively large flowers and long, up to 15 cm, pedicels; the flowers on the back have a spur. The color of the flowers is from pale blue to dark purple.

• Potato violet ( Viola cucullata ) - a species widespread in North America ; plants up to 20 cm high.
• Peach violet ( Viola persicifolia )
• Kriya violet ( Viola cryana )

From the point of view of classification, violet and uzambara violet ( senpolia ) are far from each other: they belong not only to different families (respectively violet and gesneria ), but also to different orders (in the classification system APG II - respectively malpigotsvetny and clear-flowered ).

• Imkhanitskaya N. N. Family of violets (Violaceae) // Plant Life. In 6 vols. T. 5. Part 2. Flowering plants / Ed. A. L. Takhtadzhyana . - M .: Education, 1981. - S. 40-45.
• Botany. Encyclopedia "All plants of the world": Per. from English (Ed. Grigoriev D. et al.) - Könemann, 2006 (Russian edition). - S. 923-926. - ISBN 3-8331-1621-8 .
• Yuzepchuk S.V., Klokov M.V. Genus 905. Violet - Viola L. // Flora of the USSR : 30 tons / started at hand. and under chap. ed. V. L. Komarova . - M .; L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1949. - T. 15 / ed. volumes B.K. Shishkin , E.G. Bobrov . - S. 350—479. - 742 s. - 4000 copies.

• Violet - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
• Violet // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Nikitin V.V. Key for determining violets (Viola L.) of the flora of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus (pdf)
• Encyclopedia of Ornamental Garden Plants - Violet (Retrieved November 28, 2011)