Held Manfred ( him. Manfred Held ; September 28, 1933 , Regensburg , Oberpfalz district in the state of Bavaria , - February 8, 2011 , Schrobenhausen ) - German ballistic physicist and ammunition. Received international fame for research in the field of ballistics related to the design and operation of shaped charges (combat units), shock initiation of explosives, and the so-called diagnosis of explosive processes ( German . Hochgeschwindigkeitsdiagnostik).
Manfred held | |
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Date of Birth | |
Place of Birth | |
Date of death | |
Scientific field | ballistics , explosion physics (detonica) |
Place of work | MBDA - TDW Schrobenhausen, Hagenauer Forst 27, 86529, Schrobenhausen, Germany |
Alma mater | Munich Technical University |
Academic degree | doctor |
Academic title | Professor Bundeswehr-Universität (UniBw München) |
supervisor | Franz Tomanek |
Known as | the inventor of dynamic protection , first used in combat, as well as cumulative tandem ammunition to overcome it |
Awards and prizes | Diesel's silver medal for many patents |
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Israeli tank M48A3 with DZ type "Blazer". BTV Museum in Kubinka. |
Abroad, it is widely known as the inventor of the dynamic defense (DZ) ERA Blazer, the first DZ that found real combat use on Israeli tanks during the 1982 Lebanon war.
Content
Biography
Manfred Held was born September 28, 1933 in the city of Regensburg , the fourth largest city of Bavaria. After graduation, he studied physics at the Technical University in Munich (TU-München). He defended his doctoral work in ultraviolet spectroscopy in the field of physical chemistry in 1959, ibid.
After conferring a doctoral degree in physics on April 1, 1960, he was hired by the arms company Messerschmidt-Bölkow-Blohm -Apparatebau / Schrobenhausen (later EADS-thomson-DASA-Wirksysteme) and now TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechntechechehtechehetechehetehetechetehtehchete He worked as a researcher in the field of physics of explosives in the department of combat units of advanced weapons systems MBB / Schrobenhausen in the city of Shrobenhausen, which at that time was led by Ludwig Bölkov and Austrian Rudolf Thomanek (1913 - 1990), both co-organizers of the creation of the department [ 1] . Franz Tomanek is well known in Germany for his pioneering work of the 1930s (1935–1939) for creating the first anti-tank cumulative shoulder ammunition. During the Second World War, Tomanek, a leading specialist of the Army Armaments Systems Directorate (Heereswaffenamt), was responsible for the ongoing research on the creation of new explosives in the interests of the ground forces. Franz Tomanek quickly spotted a potential successor to lead the organization in Helde, patronized him and worked closely with him for a number of years. Later, Held continued the work of Tomanek and Walter Trinks on research and development of shaped charges [2] .
At Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB), Held for many years led the research department ( Research and Development of conventional warheads and armour ), with his name, to a significant degree, the leading role of MBB in the field of missile systems. He enjoyed the support of Dr. Walter Trinks ( German Walter Trinks) - a high-ranking scientist of the German Ministry of Defense, thanks to whose help the organization received the latest and best technological equipment for the diagnosis of pulse processes. As noted in the editorial of the profile edition, most of Held's research is based on the use of unique diagnostic equipment, which allowed for accurate measurements and visualization of nanosecond processes [2] .
Held's experiences in Israel
After the end of the six-day war of Israel and Egypt, M. Held took part in tests in 1967–1968 in the Israeli army and defense industry to assess the effectiveness of ATGM combat units on Egyptian (Russian) T-54 and T-55 tanks . Held was sent to Israel at the end of 1967 as an expert on cumulative combat units to study the vulnerability of Soviet armored vehicles - data in which Germany’s Defense Ministry was extremely interested in [3] . Held's business trip was the result of a secret agreement between the BND and the Mossad [4] .
According to the official version, originally voiced by Israeli sources, Shlomo Shapiro (Shlomo Shpiro) in particular [3] [5] , during tests in the Sinai Desert, Held discovered an unusual phenomenon: the expected complete through penetration of the armored tower of the tank, consisting in breaking through the armor, passing the jet inside the tower space and its exit through the opposite wall of the tower, took place not in all trials. In cases where the cumulative jet caused the detonation of ammunition in the tank, the secondary explosion affected it in such a way that the jet did not reach the opposite wall of the tower, or at least did not penetrate it. This fact allowed Held to come to the following conclusion: “Explosion” (German Gegenexplosion) that occurs during an explosion or impact on armor can, if kept under control, have a positive effect and thereby counteract the penetration of armor [6] .
The National Geographic TV channel made a film about Dynamic Protection (Explosive Reactive Armor), which shows documentary footage of young M. Held’s participation in testing the vulnerability of Soviet tanks, as well as a modern demonstration of the DZ operating principle in the presence of an aged Held, see links.
In 1970, Held received a patent for dynamic protection (Explosive Reaction Armor - ERA), for use as an additional tank protection [7] [8] [9] .
Failing to succeed in convincing the military leadership of Germany and other NATO member countries to accept its designs, M. Held returned to Israel in 1974, where the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 ( Doomsday War ) had just ended.
In 1974, Held presented his invention to representatives of the Israel Defense Forces , during the demonstration the effectiveness of the protective action of dynamic protection was demonstrated [6] . The result of the demonstration by Held of his invention was the instruction of the Israeli government to the arms company Rafael to begin preparing dynamic ERA protection for mass production [10] .
Rafael (Rafael Armament Development Authority) has developed the Blazer add-on ERA hinged dynamic protection module, adapting it to specific machines, and further promoted the product worldwide with Israel Military Industries [11] .
For the first time, the Blazer’s dynamic defense was installed on Israeli tanks: the Centurion, M-60 and M-48 during the 1982 Lebanon war .
Research and teaching
Upon his return from Israel in the mid-1970s, Held over the years engaged in his main work — various aspects of creating and evaluating the effectiveness of combat units for hitting air targets [12] .
He also carried out studies of shaped charges, in particular for the combat units of the cumulative action of some missile systems, such as the Milan , HOT , Kormoran , Roland warhead systems, as well as cluster munitions, and ammunition, which is based on the principle of " shock core ", and further to fragmental warheads directional [13] .
In 1991, Held took the position of Professor of End Ballistics ( Endballistik ) at the University of the Bundeswehr (Bundeswehr-Universität) in Munich.
Held worked for more than 50 years on MBDA Deutschland and its predecessors [14] . After retirement, he worked as a consultant and researcher for the MBDA Deutschland concern.
Held's staff and colleagues always rated him very highly. As Truppendienst magazine No. 1/2010 wrote to Germany’s land forces journal. Among specialists he was always considered a “luminary” in the field of military technology and ultimate ballistics. More than 350 scientific publications, a huge number of inventions and above 130 patents in the military field [15] .
He was a member of the editorial board of the journal Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics . Due to his scientific reputation he was chosen as an honorary member of the International Ballistics Society of the International Ballistics Society, IBS. The participant of almost all International Symposiums on Ballistics International Symposium on Ballistics , the first of which took place in 1974, where Held invariably made presentations. Held's speech at the 25th symposium was the last.
Held, possessing colossal efficiency, was distinguished by a flexible and multi-pass mind. Being engaged in the type of his work with combat units ( German Wirkteile), from the 1960s he was engaged in the development of exotic (at that time) and now generally accepted protection schemes for objects - active protection and dynamic protection, and in parallel improved designs of ammunition for overcoming them.
Visiting JSC Steel Research Institute
In the early 1990s, in an era of openness and publicity (total sales of everything and everyone), Manfred Held received an invitation to visit Moscow and the parent organization for the development of dynamic protection, JSC Research Institute of Steel. After visiting the Institute, Held admitted that the priority in the dynamic method of protection (DZ) belongs to Russian specialists [16] . He was convinced of this by the extracts from the secret archive and the reports shown to him on the effect of the counter-explosion on the cumulative jet, dated to the mid-1940s, carried out by the scientists of PT T. Alekseev and I.A. Bytensky. Recognition of this fact was the joint report at the International Symposium on Ballistics of 1998, recognized by the time developers of dynamic protection - Manfred Held (Germany), Moshe Mayzéless (Israel) and Dmitry Rototaev (Russia). The reciprocal invitation to visit Schrobenhausen, however, did not follow.
As of 2011, the results of M. Held’s work with employees are reflected in 500 scientific publications and 150 patents [17] .
In a commemorative publication NDIA of the US Department of Defense, dedicated to the death of M. Held, the list of achievements indicated: the invention of dynamic protection (1969), " later used by Israel and Russia ". The other side of this success was the creation of a tandem warhead to overcome this protection in 1974. M. Held worked on the creation of combat units, first of all, the cumulative combat units of missile systems Milan, Khot, Cormoran and Roland, as well as on a number of other projects [17] .
Death followed February 8, 2011 as a result of a sudden heart attack. Was married. In marriage, four children.
Featured Works
- M. Held, Berechnung Splittermassenverteilung von Splittermunition. Explosivstoffe, 1968, 11
- Held, M. Initiierung von Sprengstoffen, ein vielschichtiges Problem der Detonationsphysik. Explosivstoffe, 1968, 5, 2-17.
- M. Held, Flugzielgefechtsköpfe, Internationale Wehrrevue 719-724, 1975
- M. Held, Warhead Effects on Airborne Targets, Internationale Wehrrevue 19, 343-347, 1986
- Held, M. Experiments of charge jets. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 1987, 12 (2), 35-40.
- M. Held, “Particulation of Shaped Charge Jets”, 11th International Symposium on Ballistics, Brussels, Belgium, WM l, pp. 1-10, 1989.
- Held, M. Initiation phenomena with shaped charge jets. Paper presented at the 9th International Symposium on Detonation, Portland, OR, USA, 1989, August.
- M. Held, “Hydrodynamic Theory of Shaped Charge Jet Penetration”, Journal of Explosive and Propellants, Vol. 7, pp. 9-24, 1991.
- M. Held: "Brassey's Essential Guide to Explosive Reactive Armor and Shaped Charges", Brassey 1999, ISBN 1-85753-225-2
- M. Held Liners For Shaped Charges. Journal Of Battlefield Technology, Vol. 4, No 3, November 2001
- M. Held. Active Protection Against KE-Rounds and Shaped Charges at Short Distances. 19h International Simposium on Ballistics 2001, v. 2, pp. 555-562.
- M. Held. Active protection systems with sensor fuses. Military Technology, 2001, No. 10, pp. 50–54.
- Manfred Held. Dynamic Plate Thickness of ERA Sandwiches against Shaped Charge Jets. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 29 (2004), No. 4 pp. 244-246.
- M. Held, Shaped Charge Optimization against ERA Targets. In: Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 30 (2005), No. 3, pp. 216-223
- Held, Manfred. Anti-tank Mine Blast Effects [online]. Journal of Battlefield Technology, Vol. 12, No. 2, July 2009: 1-7. Availability: < http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=946822468852668;res=IELENG > ISSN: 1440-5113. [cited 18 Dec 2017].
- Held, Manfred. Impulse Density of 155 mm Projectile as a Function of Distance [online]. Journal of Battlefield Technology, Vol. 13, No. 3, Nov 2010: 5-9. Availability: < http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=482091846977429;res=IELENG > ISSN: 1440-5113. [cited 18 Dec 2017].
- Held, Manfred. Anti-tank Mine Blast Effects [online]. Journal of Battlefield Technology, Vol. 12, No. 2, July 2009: 1-7. Availability: < http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=946822468852668;res=IELENG > ISSN: 1440-5113. [cited 18 Dec 2017].
- Held, Manfred. A tutorial on the penetration of kinetic-energy (Ke) rounds [online]. Journal of Battlefield Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2004: 1-5. Availability: < http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=086571340480473;res=IELENG > ISSN: 1440-5113. [cited 18 Dec 2017].
- Held, Manfred. Threats to military transport aircraft: A technical review [online]. Journal of Battlefield Technology, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2003: 1-10. Availability: < http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=196617668731402;res=IELENG > ISSN: 1440-5113. [cited 18 Dec 2017].
Notes
- ↑ Muthig, H., Leiber, CO, Wanninger, P. Obituary Manfred Held 1933-2011. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2011, 36, 103-104.
- 2 1 2 Manfred Held, life science explode science Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2016, 41, 7
- ↑ 1 2 Olaf Glöckner, Julius H. Schoeps. Deutschland, die Juden und der Staat Israel: Eine politische Bestandsaufnahme. Georg Olms Verlag, 2016, 398 Seiten. ISBN 978-3-487-08580-7
- Ive Clive Jones, Tore T. Petersen, Israel’s Clandestine Diplomacies. Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 176-177. ISBN 9780199365449
- ↑ Shlomo Shpiro, Shadowy Interests. West German-Israel Intelligence and Military Cooperation, Clive Jones, Tore Petersen (Hrsg.), Israel's Clandestine Diplomacies, New York 2013, s. 169-188.
- ↑ 1 2 Volltreffer überleben! Die Reaktivpanzerung und ihre Entwicklung. Truppendienst Ausgabe 1/2010.
- ↑ Held Manfred Dipl.-Phys. Dr. Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm Gmbh - "Explosive Reactive Armor Patent" European Patent Number DE2008156, declared 02/21/1970, published. 12/06/1979.
- ↑ Held Manfred "String of explosive charges - is manufactured with inert interconnecting spaces between airgaps and metal plates", declared 01/27/1971, published. 11/09/1975.
- Hel M. Held, M. Mayseless, and E. Rotataev, “Explosive Reactive Armor,” Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Ballistics, Midrand, South Africa, March 23–27, 1998
- ↑ Explosive Reactive Armor - some history, some types
- ↑ Explosive reactive armor Blazer on the Army Guide website
- ↑ M. Held, Airtarget Warheads, International Defense Reviev 1975, vol. 8, N 5, p. 719
- ↑ Muthig, H., Leiber, CO, Wanninger, P. Obituary Manfred Held 1933-2011. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics , 2011, 36, 103-104.
- ↑ Manfred Held gestorben - on the site: donaukurier.de
- ↑ Volltreffer überleben! Truppendienst Folge 313, Ausgabe 1/2010
- ↑ D.G. Kupryunin, N.S. Dorokhov, E.N. Chistyakov, Dynamic protection - yesterday, today, tomorrow. "Equipment and weapons" 2014, No. 9 (September).
- ↑ 1 2 1 Dr. Manfred Held Memorial Presentation (inaccessible link)
Links
- Explosive Reactive Armor - film by the National Geographic Channel (Eng.), Executive producer Ian Duncan. The participation of the young M. Held in the tests of Soviet armored vehicles in Israel.