The second Crimean regional government

The revolutionary events in Germany forced the German command to withdraw its troops outside the captured lands of the Russian Empire. After the Germans left, the government of M. A. Sulkevich began to lose influence. After almost a month of struggle, M.A. Sulkevich resigned on November 14, 1918.

On November 15, at the congress of representatives of cities, county and volost zemstvos, a new (second) composition of the Crimean regional government was formed, headed by Solomon Crimea (chairman of the Council of Ministers, Minister of Agriculture and Regional Property).

It includes:

• N. N. Bogdanov - Minister of the Interior;
• Admiral V.A. Kanin - Minister of the Sea;
• Lieutenant General M. M. Butchik - Manager of the War Department;
• V. D. Nabokov - Minister of Justice;
• M. M. Vinaver - Minister of Foreign Affairs;
• P. S. Bobrovsky - Minister of Labor, Regional Secretary and Comptroller, Acting Manager of the Council of Ministers;
• A. Bart - Minister of Finance;
• A. A. Steven - Minister of Food, Trade and Industry, Acting Minister of Railways, Post, Telegraphs and Public Work;
• S. A. Nikonov - Minister of Education and Religion, Chairman of the Medical Council under the Ministry of the Interior;
• M. Kolyshkevich - manager of the regional office. ^[one]
• Figures of the Second Crimean Regional Government of S. S. Crimea
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  Solomon Samoilovich Crimea , (1867-1936), Prime Minister.

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  Nikolai Nikolaevich Bogdanov , (1875-1930), Minister of the Interior.

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  Vasily Alexandrovich Kanin , (1962-1927), Minister of the Sea.

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  Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov , (1869-1922), Minister of Justice.

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  Maxim Moiseevich Vinaver , (1863-1926), Minister of Foreign Affairs.

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  Sergey Andreevich Nikonov , (1864-1942), Minister of Education, Religion.

The government relied on the strength of the Volunteer Army ; in the Crimea, a military draft was announced in its ranks. Units of the Volunteer Army were introduced into Crimea. By agreement with the government, they should not interfere in the internal life of the peninsula. However, there were a lot of actions that were not coordinated with the government (for example, arrests, carried out dobrami in the Crimea), as well as cases of uncontrolled behavior of white soldiers with acts of intimidation, robbery or even murder. Thus, representatives of the bourgeoisie Guzhon and Titov, as well as many members of the opposition trade union or socialist movement, were killed by white officers. The new terror reached special dimensions in Yalta. The regional government did not intervene in the terror of the White Army and did not condemn such actions.

The government rejected the course on independence of the peninsula under the German protectorate, carried out by the First Regional Government of M. A. Sulkevich , its task was to draw closer to all state organizations that sought to "reunite united Russia", cooperation with the countries of the Entente , the restoration of bodies of "public self-government" and their re-election in accordance with the laws of the Provisional Government, the convocation of the Crimean Regional Sejm, a decisive struggle against Bolshevism in order to end the one hundred of its influence on the masses. ^[2]

The government of S. Crimea, left-oriented enough for the white movement, which included four cadets, a Social Revolutionary and a Menshevik, took some measures to improve the situation of the population of the peninsula. An order was issued to authorize the activities of trade unions, and a commission on labor issues was created. Canceled censorship of the press, the undemocratic censorship principle of local government elections. In December 1918 a decision was made to return to the Crimean residents the money seized by the Bolsheviks in the form of indemnities. Measures to compensate for the losses that owners of factories and factories had were considered. The circulation of securities was restored.

With the support of the government, the Tauride University continued to develop, which was opened under the Sulkevich government, but with the personal support of Solomon of Crimea. His cadres, besides the local ones, were composed of leading professors who fled to Crimea from the turmoil of the revolution.

However, the economic situation worsened, catastrophic inflation began. This was also facilitated by the abolition of state prices for the purchase of bread, which was introduced by the Sulkevich government. The release of new money has begun. At the same time, various monetary units were in use: “romanovka”, “kerenki”, Don paper money - “bells”, Ukrainian rubles, German marks, French francs, British pounds, American dollars, coupons from various interest-bearing securities, loans, lottery tickets printed by the government of S. Crimea) and others. Enterprises began to close (the Sevmorzavod did not work again), unemployment grew - all this led to an increase in the popularity of Bolshevik views among the population. Since February 1919, the government, due to the revolutionary situation, was forced to move away from democracy. Censorship was again introduced, and opposition organizations were ransacked.

Immediately after the abolition of the Brest Peace, Moscow began to send agitators to Crimea and organize partisan detachments. An underground regional revolutionary committee was created to prepare for an armed uprising. In late 1918 - early 1919 partisan detachments arose in almost all Crimean cities. With them, the troops of the Volunteer Army and the Entente fought.

In late March - early April 1919, the Bolshevik troops approached the Crimea. On April 4, they captured Perekop, on April 11 - Simferopol and Yevpatoria , on April 13 - Bakhchisaray and Yalta . Sevastopol was taken on April 29. In May, the Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed (which lasted only 75 days).

November 26, a squadron of 22 French, English ships, Greek and Italian ships arrives in Sevastopol. Mostly French and Greek ships remained here, since according to the agreement the Caucasus was the English zone. Sevastopol became the base of the allies; small detachments were based in Yevpatoriya, Yalta, Feodosiya and Kerch. The Crimean government requested the deployment of Entente troops also on Perekop, but only in March 1919, when it was too late, several thousand Greek soldiers were transferred there. The number of French and Greek soldiers until March 1919 was more than 20 thousand.

The main task of the Entente forces was to protect important facilities and patrol problem areas (workers, among whom there were strong Bolshevik sympathies, resisted foreign troops: they refused to repair their ships, frequent armed attacks on foreign military personnel). Several successful operations were carried out to capture the Bolshevik partisans.

The Allies requisitioned 7 battle-worthy ships of the former fleet of Russia, as well as part of the coastal weapons.

During the Bolshevik offensive in April 1919, the Entente troops could not resist them. After the capture of Perekop, French troops began evacuation from the Crimea . In the ranks of the French soldiers was low morale, because they did not want to fight on foreign lands. On April 12, 1919, the Crimean regional government issued an Act according to which the French authorities in Sevastopol transferred the values ​​exported from the regional bank to the cruiser "Cahul" and the treasury values ​​in Sevastopol. The French authorities could spend them on the needs of the region at their discretion. The act very vaguely and extensively indicated a part of these funds, which the interventionists pledged to transfer to “ one of the Russian embassies in Europe” ^[3] .

When the Red Army approached Sevastopol on April 15, French troops refused to resist, and red flags were hoisted on three French ships ( Mirabeau , Jean Mare, France). The rebellious French sailors were fired upon by the Greek troops, but after the suppression of the uprising within the Entente troops there was no longer any talk of resisting the Bolsheviks. April 29, 1919 the last ships of the Entente left Sevastopol. Like the Germans, during the retreat, the French robbed the local population.

• V. Zarubin - Solomon Crimea and the second Crimean regional government (2005)
• The second Crimean regional government_ course towards a single indivisible Russia - The beginning of political events in Crimea