Buckthorn laxative , or Zhoster laxative ( lat. Rhámnus cathártica ) - shrub ; species of the genus Zhoster ( Rhamnus ) of the family of the buckthorn .
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Rhamnus cathartica L. (1753) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
In the Explanatory Dictionary of Vladimir Dahl , the word "joster" is recorded, equally referring to the species of Krushin fragile ( Frangula alnus ) and Krushin laxative.
Content
Botanical Description
Buckthorn laxative - shrub about 3 m high, with protruding branches. The bark of young shoots is silver-gray, later becoming brown-black. The plant is easily distinguished by straight thorns , into which the tops of the branches turn.
Opposite leaves with petioles, ovate or elliptic, slightly pointed, glossy, with three pairs of arched lateral veins, on the edge of town-serrate.
In the axils of the leaves there are four-membered inconspicuous greenish-yellow flowers collected in bunches of 10-15 in umbrellas. It blooms from May to June.
Flower formula : and [2] .
Rounded fruits develop from the flowers — coenocarp drupes — the size of a pea, first green, then black. The bones are convex from the dorsal side and with a weak edge from the abdominal. In contrast, the bones of the poisonous fruits of the closely related species of alder buckthorn are flat-convex, with a cartilaginous double “beak” [3] .
Distribution and habitat
Buckthorn laxative grows both in sunny, dry places, and on moist soils in marshy forests. It occurs along ditches and at fences, in bushes, in cemeteries, along forest edges and in swamps.
Distributed in Europe , Western Siberia , Kazakhstan and Central Asia , in the Caucasus . It grows on the slopes of hills and river valleys, curtains in the steppe, on the slopes of mountains up to 1700 m above sea level , on pebbles . In places it forms rather extensive thickets [4] .
Chemical Composition
In all parts of the plant (in the bark, leaves, buds and fruits) of buckthorn, antraglycosides are contained, which determine the main pharmacological effect of preparations from the plant. The main antraglycosides are biosides : glucofrangulin A (6α-L-ramnosyl-8β-D-glucoside frangula- emodin ), glucofrangulin B (6α-D-apiofuranosyl-8β-D-glucoside frangula-emodin); monosides frangulin A and frangulin B.
In the leaves, up to 700 mg% of vitamin C [4] .
Economic Significance and Application
Medicinal , dyeing plant , giving almost the entire color range of dyes; provides a very persistent dyeing of silk , wool and cotton fabrics, almost not fading in the sun [4] . It is also used to produce wood .
Honey plant . Gives bees a supportive bribe after the main spring honey plants. In humid places under the forest canopy, the nectar content increases. Honey is yellow, not sugared [5] .
A concentrate was made from leaves for food fortification [4] .
Medical use
As medicinal raw materials , ripe and dried fruits of buckthorn laxative ( lat. Fructus Rhamni catharticae ) collected in late autumn are used [3] .
The composition of the substances that determine the laxative effect is similar to the fragile substances from buckthorn bark. Antraglycoside (anthron glycoside) - frangularoside and its derivatives glucofrangulin , emodin and frangulin determine the physiological effect of buckthorn. Primary antraglycoside frangularoside has an emetic effect, and oxidized forms are a laxative.
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of specifying the class of dicotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Dicotyledonous article .
- ↑ Barabanov E.I. Botany: a textbook for students. higher textbook. institutions. - M .: Publ. Center "Academy", 2006. - S. 306. - 448 p. - ISBN 5-7695-2656-4 .
- ↑ 1 2 Blinova K.F. et al. Botanical-Pharmacognostic Dictionary: Ref. allowance / Under (inaccessible link) ed. K.F. Blinova, G.P. Yakovleva. - M .: Higher. school, 1990. - S. 188. - ISBN 5-06-000085-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Gubanov I.A. et al. Wild useful plants of the USSR / ed. ed. T.A. Rabotnov . - M .: Thought , 1976. - S. 227. - 360 p. - ( Reference guides to the geographer and traveler ).
- ↑ Abrikosov H.N. et al. Krushin // Dictionary of the beekeeper / Comp. Fedosov N.F .. - M .: Selkhozgiz, 1955. - S. 158.
Literature
- D.A. Muravyova . Pharmacognosy. - M., 1978
- Єlіn Yu. Ya., Zerova M. Ya., Lushpa V.I., Shabrova S.I. Dari lisiv. - Kiev: Harvest, 1979 (Ukrainian)
- Gubanov I.A. et al. 891. Rhamnus cathartica L. - Laxative laxative, or Buckthorn laxative // Illustrated identifier of plants in Central Russia. In 3 t . - M .: T-in scientific. ed. KMK, Institute of Technology. ISS., 2003. - T. 2. Angiosperms (dicotyledonous: dicotyledonous). - S. 546. - ISBN 9-87317-128-9 .
Links
- Zhester laxative : information on the taxon in the Plantarium project (identifier of plants and an illustrated atlas of species). (Retrieved January 6, 2013)