Rice production in Thailand is a significant part of the Thai economy [1] . About 40% of the population is employed in the country's agriculture, of which 16 million are engaged in the cultivation and production of rice [2] [3] .
Thailand is the first rice exporter in the world, only occasionally surrendering its leadership to India [2] . Rice plantations in the country amount to 9.2 million hectares [4] [5] or half of all cultivated land [6] .
In 2015-2016, the country produced 27.06 million tons of rice [7] .
Rice cultivation is strongly influenced by water shortage, since rice requires 1,500 m 3 of water per one area paradise (40x40 m) [8] .
History
Rice is one of the staple foods in Thai society. The annual consumption of rice per capita in 2013 amounted to 114.57 kg. [9] .
Rice production is affected by climate change. If the average daily temperature exceeds 29 ° C, then the grain quality deteriorates linearly with increasing temperature [10] .
An increase in average temperature by one degree celsius leads to a decrease in rice productivity by 3.2 percent [11] .
Rice growing country replenishes its treasury. Since 1953, the rice production tax amounted to 32 percent of all income. The government set monopoly high prices for grain exports.
To support the industry, the Thai government is investing in irrigation, infrastructure, and the construction of dams and canals. By the end of the 1990s, almost two million two-wheel tractors , one million irrigation pumps, hundreds of thousands of threshers and others were working in the industry [12] .
Currently, most of the rice is grown in northeast Thailand [13] , while in the past, central Thailand was the main producer of rice. The expansion of rice production was facilitated by the construction of new roads in the country, connecting the northeast of Thailand with the country's ports.
In 2014, Thailand exported 10.8 million tons of polished rice worth $ 5.37 billion, which was the highest figure in the history of the industry. In 2015, Thailand was the world's leading rice exporter, the second was India (9.8 million tons), and the third was Vietnam (6.61 million tons).
See also
- Agriculture in Thailand
- Basic food
Notes
- ↑ Country Profile: Thailand (PDF). Library of Congress . Washington DC: Federal Research Division (July 2007). Date of treatment January 10, 2015.
- ↑ 1 2 The Rice Mountain , The Economist (August 10, 2013). Date of appeal September 30, 2016.
- ↑ Blake, Chris . Thai Junta Flip-Flop on Populism Too Late for Suffering Farmers , Bloomberg (November 23, 2016). Date of treatment November 23, 2016.
- ↑ "Rice strain is cause of comparatively low productivity." The Nation 16 April 2008. 2 February 2009 [1] . Archived August 31, 2009.
- ↑ Ghosh, Nirmal . Thailand to set aside more land for farming , Straits Times , Wild Singapore (February 24, 2008). Date of treatment November 1, 2017.
- ↑ Poapongsakorn, Nipon Agriculture 4.0: Obstacles and how to break through . Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) (June 30, 2017). Date of appeal September 15, 2017.
- ↑ Webb, Simon . Thailand aims for 25 mln T rice paddy output 2016-17, down on yr (January 18, 2016). Date of treatment January 30, 2016.
- ↑ Wipatayotin, Apinya . Law wades into choppy waters , Bangkok Post (October 8, 2017). Date of treatment November 2, 2017.
- ↑ World Rice Statistics Online Query Facility . International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) . FAO (2013). Date of treatment January 30, 2016.
- ↑ Kisner, Corinne . Climate Change in Thailand: Impacts and Adaptation Strategies , Climate Institute (July 2008). Archived on November 9, 2013. Date of treatment March 29, 2015.
- ↑ Zhao, Chuang. Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (PNAS): journal. - 2017 .-- 29 August ( vol. 114 , no. 35 ).
- ↑ Thepent, Viboon. 2009. "Agricultural Mechanization Development in Thailand" [2] .
- ↑ Perehudoff, Carol. "Thailand's miracle grain for all seasons; Humble rice has the power to feed, cleanse, fight ravages of time." Toronto Star 30 Jun 2007.