Ma (also amadi , madi , madio ; English ma, amadi, madi, madyo ) is the Adamava-Ubangian language , widely spoken in the northeastern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the language of the Ma people [2] . It is part of the branch of serengbaka-mba of the Ubangan subfamily [3] [4] .
| Ma | |
|---|---|
| Countries | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Regions | provinces Upper Uele |
| Total number of speakers | 4700 people (1977) [1] |
| Classification | |
| Category | African languages |
Nigerian-Congolese macro-family
| |
| Language Codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | msj |
| WALS | |
| Ethnologue | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | |
The number of carriers is about 4700 people. The language is not written [1] .
Content
- 1 Classification
- 2 Linguogeography
- 2.1 Range and abundance
- 2.2 Sociolinguistic information
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
- 5 Links
Classification
According to the classifications presented in the directory of world languages Ethnologue and in the Great Russian Encyclopedia , the language ma (amadi) is included in the mba group along with the languages dongo , mba and ndunga . The indicated group is part of the sub-branch of the ngbaka-mba branch of the sere-ngbaka-mba of the Ubangian subfamily of the Adamava-Ubangian family [3] [4] .
In the classification published in the database of world languages , the language Ma within the MBA group is opposed to all other languages, grouped into the Ndunga-MBA-Dongo subgroup. The MBA group is consistently included in the following language associations: Ngbaka-Mba languages, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba languages, Ubangian languages, Cameroonian-Ubangian languages, and Northern Volta-Congolese languages. The latter, together with the languages of Benue-Congo , Kru , Kwa Volta-Congo and others, form a union of Volta-Congolese languages [5] .
According to the earlier generally accepted classification of L. Buccieux and J. Tom , ma is the only representative of one of the 5 branches of the Ubangian group of the Adamava-Ubangian family [2] .
Linguogeography
Range and abundance
The Ma language range is located in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the Upper Uele Province - north of the city of , in the upper Uele River and near the Kapili River [1] .
The area of the Ma language is surrounded by the area of distribution of the Adamava-Ubangi Baramba language . Also, near the areas of settlement of native speakers of the Ma language, the area of the Adamava-Ubangi language of Zande , the area of the Bva language of the Bantu group and the area of the Central Sudanese language of Mangbetu are located [6] .
According to the data presented in the Ethnologue Handbook, the total number of MA speakers was estimated at 4,700 people in 1977 [1] . According to current estimates of the site, the total number of ma carriers is about 15,000 people [7] .
Sociolinguistic information
According to the Ethnologue website, in terms of preservation , the Ma language is the so-called stable language, since it is consistently used by representatives of the Ma people of all generations, including the younger. Along with their native language, native speakers also speak lingala [1] . The overwhelming majority of ethnic communities profess Christianity (80%), while small groups retain traditional beliefs (20%) [7] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Simons GF, Fennig CD: Ma. A language of Democratic Republic of the Congo . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2017). Archived December 12, 2017. (Retrieved December 12, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 Vinogradov V.A. Adamua-Oriental languages // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V.N.Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 . (Retrieved December 12, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 Adamava-Ubangian languages / V. Vinogradov // A - Questioning. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2005. - P. 206. - ( Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 1). - ISBN 5-85270-329-X . (Retrieved December 12, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 Simons GF, Fennig CD: Niger-Congo. Atlantic-Congo. Volta-Congo. North Adamawa-Ubangi. Ubangi Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2017). Archived on November 11, 2017. (Retrieved December 12, 2017)
- ↑ Hammarström H., Forkel R., Haspelmath M. , Bank S .: Language: Ma (Democratic Republic of Congo ) . . Jena: (2016). Archived December 12, 2017. (Retrieved December 12, 2017)
- ↑ Simons GF, Fennig CD: Northern Democratic Republic of Congo . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2017). Archived on November 11, 2017. (Retrieved December 12, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 Ma in the Democratic Republic of Congo . (2017). Archived December 12, 2017. (Retrieved December 12, 2017)
Literature
- Tucker AN , Bryan MA Linguistic Analyses: the Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. - Oxford: Oxford University Press , 1966.
Links
- Ma (English) (html). MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships (2009). Archived December 12, 2017. (Retrieved December 12, 2017)
- OLAC resources in and about the Ma language . Language-archives.org. Archived December 12, 2017. (Retrieved December 12, 2017)
- , Haspelmath M .: Language Ma (English) (html). The World Atlas of Language Structures . Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology . Archived December 12, 2017. (Retrieved December 12, 2017)
- Words of Life - Amadi (English) (html). . - Short audio Bible stories, evangelistic messages and may include songs and music. Archived December 12, 2017. (Retrieved December 12, 2017)