Gateing

Formally, the term “gatekeeper” first appeared in the publications of Kurt Levin in 1943 (“Forces Behind Food Habits and Methods of Change”). Levin conducted research among housewives to determine how to effectively change the food consumption of their families during World War II. He found that there are various factors and decision-making processes that influence the purchase and consumption of food. (from purchase to physical consumption at the dinner table).

Thus, the transfer of goods from one channel section to another depends on the gatekeeper. In this case, housewives are gatekeepers who control what food will be bought at the store and, ultimately, served on the dinner table. Although Levin applied this term initially to the food selection process, he later stated that “this model is applicable not only to food choices, but also to the dissemination of news through certain communication channels” (" communication channels through certain communications channels ... ") ^[2] .
In 1950, David Manning White, a professor of journalism at Boston University , first applied this theory in the field of journalism. He considered the factors that the editor takes into account when making decisions - which news will be published in the newspaper, and which will not. Manning used the theory of gatecrapers as part of a research project: he convinced the editor of a local newspaper to keep track of all the news materials that came to his office and note why he decided to use / not use this or that material. So White was able to use this information to understand complex value systems that affected social and cultural trends.

• A gate is the criteria used to select information that the media will need to provide, or to remove unwanted material.
• "Gatekeeper" (gatekeeper) - the one who controls the flow of news, can change, expand, repeat, withdraw information. Gatekeepers make people aware of what is happening in the world around them. They occupy the positions of "experts" (politicians, scientists, sociologists, writers) in a certain area of ​​society and have the task to filter information in a particular area. The “gatekeepers” bear a great responsibility for the impartiality and accuracy of the information. Institutions or organizations may also act as gatekeepers. The political system has gatekeepers, individuals or institutions that control access to government and regulate the flow of information and political influence.

1. Person. The most influential person in creating a news article is a journalist. Other gatekeepers simply change some aspects of the news, but the journalist always states the truth.
2. Schedule. The topics covered always go in a certain sequence. The media also has its own allocated time for each category, and they must follow a clear schedule.
3. Organization. All media organizations have their own views, agendas and propaganda. They must also follow certain rules and ethics. The news or other media materials often contain elements of opinions and views of the media organization.
4. Extra media. Many people and institutions associated with the media (sponsors, advertisers, government, etc.) have influence and the right to vote when publishing materials.
5. Ideology. The media should follow social ideology, respect the norms and values ​​of people, and also consider ethical issues.

• This is the process of selecting and filtering information for the media and editing it in accordance with the requirements (limited time or space).
• Gateway function - control.
• G. defines the standards of significance of information.
• An editor who works as a gatekeeper, edits news, in accordance with his personal subjective perception.
• Media plays the role of the warden.
• One of the factors in gatekeeping is organizational policy.
• G. is also used as social control over media influence. ^[3] .

Among the first to be evaluated were theories suggesting that individual factors (for example, personal conviction) are the main determinant of the gatekeeper (Snider, 1967; White, 1950). For example, White (1950) proposed a simple model explaining the process of selecting information for newspapers, and argued that news articles were rejected for three reasons: the gatekeeper's personal feelings, lack of space in the newspaper, and whether this material had already been posted. Scientists who have followed these theories have emphasized personality traits (Johnstone, Slawski, & Bowman, 1972; Livingston & Bennett, 2003; Weaver & Wilhoilt, 1986) or the influence of the gatekeeper’s moral and regulatory values ​​on the decision-making process (Gans, 1979). The dramatic improvement of the early theory of gateway in mass communication introduces the concept of various gatekeepers who control various functions in the information process. McNally (1959) paid special attention not to editors, but to journalists, believing that it was the journalist who was one of the first “gatekeepers” between a potential news event and the final publication.

In 1969, Frank Bass further developed the theory of gatekeeping. He proposed a simple but important development of existing models. His main criticism of the previous concepts of White and Macnelli is that they do not distinguish between the roles of different gatekeepers and do not indicate which is the most important selection point. He argues that the most important stage of the gatekeeper’s activity is in the news organization and that the process should be divided into two phases: news gathering and news processing. According to Bass, “news pickers” (reporters and editors) are different from “news editors” (editors and translators). He argued that researchers should pay more attention to gathering news than processing it, since unreported stories never reach the point where they can be processed ^[4] .