Landsmålsalfabetet

Johan August Lundell (1911)

In the 1870s, a number of student associations were formed at Uppsala University , the purpose of which was to fix the dialects of the Swedish language, and each of them used its own phonetic notation. Johan Lundell, then still a student, was entrusted with the creation of a universal alphabet. The system that arose in 1878 is still used in linguistics , mainly in Sweden and Finland ^[8] .

For the alphabet, 42 letters were borrowed from the transcription system proposed by Karl Jacob Sundeval in Om phonetiska bokstafver (On Phonetic Letters; Stockholm, 1856) ^{[5] [7] [10]} .

In 1928, Lundell published an article in the journal Studia Neophilologica , which describes his system in detail and gives examples of its use for Swedish and Russian ^[11] . In the alphabet at that time, there were 144 characters ^[5] .

The alphabet is used by the Swedish journal (“Swedish dialects and folklore”) ^[8] , founded by Lundell ^[12] , as well as in the dictionary Ordbok över folkmålen i övre Dalarna (“Dictionary of dialects in Upper Dalarna ”) ^13] . The system was used by the linguist Adolf Gottard Nuren ^{[14] [15]} .

Many symbols of transcriptions used by the Swedish synologist Bernhard Karlgren in their reconstruction of the Middle Chinese language were taken from Landsmålsalfabetet ^[9] . The first version of his system, Karlgren a , dates back to 1915-1919 ^{[16] [17]} ; in 1922, changes were made to the transcription ( Karlgren b ), and in 1923 its simplified version, Karlgren c , was used in his Analytic Dictionary (from the English - “Analytical Dictionary”). In a Compendium of Phonetics in Ancient and Archaic Chinese published in 1954, Karlgren last modified the system ( Karlgren d ). A number of phonetic alphabets invented by other sinologists are in turn based on Karlgren transcription ^[18] .

Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål - a dictionary of Swedish dialects spoken in Finland - uses its own transcription with borrowings from Landsmålsalfabetet, including ⱸ, ⱹ and ⱺ ^[15] . Dictionary Ordbok över Sveriges dialekter ("Dictionary of Swedish dialects") uses a generalized version of the alphabet with a truncated set of characters, which have a capital form. In this case, a   , while uppercase A corresponds to lowercase ɑ . ʃ in upper case looks like an elongated S (   ) ^[19] .

In addition, some Landsmålsalfabetet characters were taken over by Volke Hedblum transcription ^[20] .

Some symbols of dialectology are present in Unicode since its first version, as they are included in IPA or other alphabets. Back in 2001, the Unicode Consortium was presented with a draft encoding of phonetic transcription symbols ^[21] . With version 5.1, released in 2008, three letters of the alphabet, ⱸ, ⱹ, and ⱺ, were included in the standard ^[22] for the Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål dictionary ^[15] . The characters are located in the block " Extended Latin - C " ( English Latin Extended-C ) under the code positions U + 2C78, U + 2C79 and U + 2C7A, respectively, being mistakenly located in the sub-block "Additions for the Ural phonetic alphabet " ( English Additions for UPA ) ^[23] .

In 2008, Michael Everson filed an application for the inclusion of 106 additional letters for this alphabet, as well as the symbols of several other phonetic transcriptions, but did not contain evidence of their use ^[24] . At the time of the release of version 12.1 of the standard, the proposal was not accepted, although certain characters, mainly used in the Teuthonista alphabet, were encoded according to the results of other applications (partially under code positions different from those provided for Everson) ^{[25] [26] [27]} . The code range 1E000-1E00FF proposed for the Phonetic Extensions-A block is currently partially covered by the Glagolitic Supplement block ^[28] .

Due to the lack of characters in the encoding standard, there are fonts that are not compatible with Unicode and are designed for computer typing in Landsmålsalfabetet, such as Dialekt Sve ^[29] and landsm_t ^[30] . Dialekt Uni is Unicode compatible and displays the missing symbols of Scandinavian dialectologies in the Region for private use ^[29] .

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  1879 Landsmålsalfabetet consonant table

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  Glyphs of Dialekt Uni font in the Area for Unicode Private Use (not all characters are missing in the standard)

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  Sundeval alphabet (1856). Uppercase and lowercase letters

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  The name of Lake Vänern ( Swedish: Vänern ), recorded using the phonetic transcription Landsmålsalfabetet.

• Eriksson, Manne. Svensk ljudskrift 1878-1960. En översikt över det svenska landsmålsalfabetets utveckling och användning huvudsakligen i tidskriften Svenska Landsmål (Swedish) / genom Dag Strömbäck. - Bilaga, 1961. - 184 p. - (Svenska landsmål och Svenskt folkliv).
• Grip, E. I. Ljudfysiologisk översikt. - In: Skuttungemålets ljudlära : [ Swede. ] // Nyare bidrag till känedom om de Svenska landsmålen ock Svenskt folklif / genom JA Lundell. - Stockholm: Nordiska Bokhandeln, 1901. - S. 9-16.
• Kemp, J. Alan. Phonetic transcription: History // Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. - 2. - Elsevier Science, 2006. - T. 9. - S. 407. - ISBN 978-0080443652 .
• Lundell, JA Det svenska landsmålsalfabetet : [ Swede. ] // Nyare bidrag till känedom om de Svenska landsmålen ock Svenskt folklif / genom JA Lundell. - Stockholm: Samson & Wallin, 1878. - S. 11-158.
• Lundell, JA The Swedish dialect alphabet (Eng.) // Studia Neophilologica: journal. - 1928. - Vol. 1 , no. 1 . - P. 1-17 . - DOI : 10.1080 / 00393272808586721 .

• Landsmålsalfabetet (Swedish) (PDF). sprakochfolkminnen.se . Institutet för språk och folkminnen. Circulation date May 21, 2019.
• Landsmålsalfabetet, Nordisk familjebok , T. 15 (1911) 1044 , 1045-6 , 1047-8 (Swedish) .
• Patrik Bye. Lydskrift ( normal ) (html) (inaccessible link) . uit.no. University of Tromso (July 29, 2003). Date of treatment June 12, 2019. Archived March 4, 2016.