Cross stitch - a type of needlework . This is a way to embroider a pattern on a canvas using a needle and colored floss threads or other threads for embroidery, including woolen ones, using the full cross or half cross technique.
Cross-stitching is one of the types of needlework , the art of which is rooted in the era of primitive culture, when people used stitches with stone needles to sew clothes from animal skins. Initially, the materials for embroidery were animal skin, veins, hemp or wool fibers, hair.
Since cross-stitching is done using a needle that serves as a sharp continuation or end of a thread: woolen, paper or silk, then the needle, until it became metallic and reached its modern improved state, was made of the most diverse materials: from wood , bones, and in antiquity and among savages, wood needles, fish bones, bristles, etc. went for it. Embroidered with thread, paper, wool , silk , gold, silver, using beads , beads , glass beads , sometimes real pearls , semiprecious stones, sequins , as well as coins (less often).
The embroideries of Iran and India are distinguished by many plant motifs, images of birds, animals and classic national literary plots. Byzantine embroideries, distinguished by the beauty of silk embroidery (gold, silver), and various patterns, had a significant impact on the development of cross-stitch art in many European countries during the Middle Ages, when their unique colors, ornaments, and cross-stitch technique, individual for each nationality, appeared.
Content
Canvas
In modern cross-stitch embroidery, the basis of embroidery is canvas . This is a specially developed canvas at the factory, marked into a cage in such a way that each cell of the canvas is a place for cross- stitching. There is a wide variety of materials from which canvas is made ( silk , linen , cotton , blends and even plastic), but its main indicator - the canvas dimension - comes from English traditions and is indicated by a number indicating the number of crosses per inch of fabric. The most popular canvas dimensions are the 14th, 16th and 18th, that is, fourteen, sixteen and eighteen crosses per inch or, respectively, 5.5 cells / cm, 6.3 cells / cm and 7.2 cells / cm
There is also a tougher fabric with large holes. It is called stramin. It is used for cross-stitching with wool or carpet embroidery using the technique. Very good for beginners due to large holes, threads and needles. Used to embroider rugs, pillows, tapestries, etc.
Along with the canvas, uniform weave fabric is also popular, the main difference of which is that it is not marked into a cage. Flax and mixed linen fabrics consist of single threads, with weaving, in which the thread passes under it and perpendicular to the next perpendicular. There are fabrics with weaving 18.25.28, 32, 36 and 40 threads per inch (2.54 cm). Embroidery on a uniform weave fabric is more detailed.
A patch canvas is a canvas designed for embroidery on fabric that does not have a uniform weave. Also for embroidery on fabric there is a water-soluble canvas. After the embroidery is finished, it is enough to lower it into warm water and the canvas will dissolve.
In some embroidery kits, the manufacturer applies a drawing to the canvas, which is subsequently filled with an embroidered cross. This technique is called the "printed cross." Such a cross is water-soluble and not. If the drawing is not marked on the canvas, then this technique is called a counting cross (you have to independently count the number of crosses).
Types of embroidery techniques
- A simple cross begins to be embroidered from right to top from the diagonal to the left down, and ends from the right from bottom to bottom diagonally. All top stitches should lie in the same direction, exactly like the bottom stitches in the opposite direction.
- Half cross - the first stitch of sewing a “simple” cross.
- Elongated cross - the technique of embroidering this cross is similar to a simple cross, only the cross fills not one cell of the canvas, but two or three cells located vertically.
- An elongated cross with a stitch - an elongated cross with a height with a small horizontal stitch in the center.
- Slavic cross - elongated crosses crossing with a slope.
- Straight cross - consists of vertical and horizontal lines.
- Alternating crosses - this embroidery consists of ordinary crosses and other straight lines. Begin to embroider from left to right; pass the thread through four vertical threads and between four horizontal ones from top to bottom.
- A double or “Bulgarian” cross is an alternation of simple crosses and small straight lines between them.
- Sakkinin cross - a Saknite type of embroidery
- “Asterisk” is another type of crossing, consisting of a straight cross, on which four inclined diagonal stitches of the same or smaller size are superimposed.
- Cross Leviathan - seam differs from a simple cross in that it is complicated by two more intersecting lines (vertical and horizontal).
- Rice seam - first fill the entire background with large crosses through four and four threads, and then just start rice stitches.
These are the stitches passing through the ends of the four branches of the large cross so that they converge in the space between the crosses, forming, in turn, a new cross. For the first crosses, a rather thick thread is taken, and for the second, a thinner thread of a different color. - Italian cross - consists of 8 stitches, the first 4 repeat the Bulgarian cross, the rest “border” it along the perimeter of the cell, connecting the upper, right, lower and left corners to each other.
Embroidery Methods
- By colors - sequential embroidery by colors, in which the path of the thread passes through the entire continuous region of a given color in the embroidery pattern. Color embroidery is useful for patterns with a large number of colors.
- Rows (rows) - color embroidery is limited to one row and does not continue until the row is finished completely. Row sewing is suitable for simpler patterns with few colors.
The main thing is that the “crosses” are smooth, and the inside is smooth, without “broaches” and knots.
Mathematical modeling in cross-stitch
Symmetry is the most striking compositional tool with which to create embroidery elements (ornaments). The study of embroidery ornaments is not limited to knowledge about their types, color scheme or other characteristics of their appearance.
An important component is the method of forming compositions of ornaments and their placement on a plane. To create borders - linear ornaments use the following transformations: parallel transfer; mirror symmetry with a vertical axis; mirror symmetry with a horizontal axis; rotating (central symmetry).
The most common bands of embroidery ornaments (borders). In total there are 7 types of symmetries of borders [1] . Creating borders (ornamental stripes) can be performed using the Inkscape program. The resulting borders can be used to decorate modern women's clothing.
However, besides borders there are ornaments that fill the entire plane, for example, a lattice ornament. It is placed on an invisible lattice with various shapes of cells.
Most often, in folk clothes they use a rectangular lattice. This can be explained by the fact that the use of a fabric or canvas structure imposed restrictions on the location of the crosses (the crosses could not be located at an angle to the warp and weft threads). That is, the symmetry groups that lead to a change in the angle of the crosses (for example, a lattice cell, an equilateral triangle) are not used.
Although 17 symmetry groups of lattice ornaments are distinguished, it has been determined that only 12 groups are used for cross-stitching [1] .
Each of the symmetry groups has its own code. It characterizes the symmetry by which this ornament is built. These codes are used to create patterns from clones in the Inkscape program.
Each of the codes of the symmetry group can be described by a verbal formula. Each group of symmetry has its own visual perception.
Lattice ornaments can be used to create embroidery ornaments, the contours of which correspond to the details of garments.
The modern way of machine embroidery with double cross-shaped elements
To improve the quality of embroidery, a new method is proposed for filling embroidery ornaments with double cross-shaped elements (DCE), which allow embroidering ornaments of any shape without the formation of transition stitches [2] . Since the transition and fastening is carried out due to the stitches that are part of the DCE [3] . The figures show diagrams of diagonal crosses formed by stitches of different lengths and formed by DCEs and their photographic image [4] .
Diagrams of diagonal crosses and their photographic image (formed by shuttle stitches of different lengths). | Diagonal cross patterns and their photographic image (formed by double cross-shaped elements, shuttle stitches of the same length). | Play media file |
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See also
- Pixel Graphics
- Slavic embroidery
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Zasornova Irina Oleksandrіvna. Undertaking the process of composing the vishivka’s nightly costumes with the urachuvannians of Ukrainian folk traditions. - Candidate's dissertation. tech. Sciences: 05.18.19, Khmelnits. nat. un-t - Khmelnitsky, 2012 .-- 210 s. : rice, table
- ↑ Development of the “Vishivanka” software module for filling the ornament with vishivnoy cross elements and folding PKVM І. O. Zasornova, O.S. Zasornov // News of the Khmelnitsky National University. Technical sciences. - 2014. - No. 2. - S. 133-138.
- ↑ Pat. 65990 Ukraine, IPC D05C 17/00. A cross element for filling ornaments with cherries / Zasornova I.O., Zasornov O.S., Sarana O. M. Applicant and Patent Newsletter Khmelnitsky National University. - No. u201104894; declared 04/19/2011; publ. 12/26/2011; bull. Number 24.
- ↑ Sawing the process of acquiring the vishivka’s women’s costume with the urachuvannians of Ukrainian folk traditions: abstract. dis. ... cand. tech. Sciences: 05.18.19 / І. O. Zasornova; Khmelnits. nat. un-t - Khmelnitsky, 2012 .-- 21 p. - ukp.