Anapa fortress

In the XIV century, on the site of Gorgippia, the Genoese built a fortified trading post , which they called Mapa. The trading post was a castle surrounded by residential buildings and surrounded by a solid wall. In 1475, it was captured by the troops of the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II, and by 1481, with the help of French engineers, a small fortress was built in this place, armed with 12 cannons and guarded by a garrison of 150 local soldiers led by the Tatar Mirza .

In 1641, the fortress was visited by the Turkish writer Evliya ебelebi , who left the following description:

The castle lies at the tip of the cape, on a clay rock; he is strong, but does not have a garrison and was repeatedly plundered by Don Cossacks. Anapa castle is well built and so well preserved, as if its construction had just been completed. Evliya further says that, according to the description of Temir-oglu Osman Pasha, Anapa is the residence of the governor of Taman Sanjak in the Kafa province. Residents called Shefaki pay tithing only when they are forced to do so, and are generally very prone to rebellion; their number does not exceed 300 souls. The castle has a large harbor in which 1000 ships tied together by a rope can stand in safety. This harbor is protected against winds blowing from any direction. A similar port is no longer on the Black Sea; there was once a collection of pearls, and the shells now lie on the shore - the second reason the castle was named Kevergan (diamond ore). Russians here annually pester and collect pearl shells. “If this castle,” Evliy adds in conclusion, “were brought to good condition and equipped with a sufficient garrison, then it would not be difficult to keep all the Circassians in perfect obedience”

- “Notes of Odessa. Total East and Ancient ", t. IX, pp. 182-183

At the end of the 18th century, having lost the Crimea and the Right-Bank Kuban, Turkey decided to strengthen its lands to the north of the Caucasus Mountains and secured the consent of the owner of local lands, Mohammed-Girey Zanov, to build a guest yard to receive the merchants of Constantinople and strengthen the city. The fortress was built by the former commandant of the fortress Sujuk-kale Ferah Ali Pasha with the participation of five hundred families of refugees from Taman. By 1784, three mosques, three baths, administrative buildings, a library, more than five hundred shops and coffee houses were built in the city. The population grew rapidly due to immigrants from neighboring regions and from Trebizond .

On June 21, 1791, Lieutenant General I.V. Gudovich, at the head of the Kuban and Caucasian corps, stormed the fortress , after which he ordered to blow up and tear down all the fortifications, fill up the wells, and burn down the city buildings. ^[one]

After the city was returned to the Turks on December 29 of the same year, according to the Iasi Treaty , who again restored the fortress in 1797-1798.

April 29, 1807 Black Sea Squadron under the command of Vice Admiral S.A. Pustoshkin and the landing squad in the 4th Marine Regiment under the command of Major General I.P. Govorov was taken by storm and over the next six days, it was ruined - the fortifications were blown up, guns and ammunition were removed, and all the remaining property was thrown into the wells. After the departure of the Russian expedition, Turks and Circassians took up the restoration of the fortress.

On June 4, 1809, the squadron of Captain Lieutenant Stulli launched the bombing of Anapa and, without waiting for ground forces, landed troops on the coast under the command of Captain Lieutenant Perkhunov. The fortress surrendered almost without resistance. Over the next three years, a Russian garrison was stationed in Anapa. On October 19, 1810, the Anapa Garrison Regiment was formed, consisting of two battalions. June 4, 1811 Anapa was classified as second-class fortresses. May 16, 1812 in Bucharest peace Anapa was returned to Turkey. Before leaving, the Russian garrison destroyed the main fortifications and brought out the best weapons.

In June 1828, Anapa was again taken by the Black Sea Squadron of Vice Admiral A.S. Greig and the landing group of Admiral General A.S. Menshikov , after which on September 2, 1829 in the Adrianople Peace it was finally annexed to Russia. At first it was ranked among the fortresses of the 2nd, and then - of the 3rd class.

In 1846, the fortress of Anapa received the rights of the city, and in 1854, due to the inability to protect it from the Anglo-French fleet, all the fortifications were finally destroyed, and the garrison was withdrawn.

• 1809 - Colonel Ratmanov, Makar Ivanovich
• 1809 - Major General Panchulidzev, Ivan Davydovich
• 1811-1812 - Major General Buchholz, Karl Karlovich
• 1828 - Lieutenant Colonel Ponomarev
• 1831-1833 - Major General Vysheslavtsev
• 1834 - Captain Novikov (parade ground major)
• 1837 - and. about. Colonel Konibolotsky
• 1837 - Count Tsukato, Nikolai Egorovich
• 1840 - Colonel von Brinken
• 1843 - Lieutenant von Roth
• 1852 - Colonel Mironov, Peter Ivanovich .

• Anapa // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 vol.] / Ed. V.F. Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.
• Basieva Z. M. The struggle for possession of the Anapa fortress (1855-1856) // Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. Questions of theory and practice. No. 8-1 (46) for 2014, p. 22-25.
• The battle for Anapa. Collection of articles - St. Petersburg, 2017.
• Veselovsky N.I. Third trip. 1791 // Military historical essay of Anapa. - Pg. , 1914.
• Potto V.A. Graf Gudovich (The Fall of Anapa) // The Caucasian War in separate essays, episodes, legends and biographies: in 5 volumes . - 2nd ed. - SPb. : Type. E. Evdokimova , 1887. - T. 1 : From ancient times to Yermolov. - 738 p.

• A map of the Anapa fortress of the 18th century was found in the Moscow region