Yenisei or Orkhon-Yenisei monuments - written sources written in ancient Turkic runic script. The largest monument includes about 400 characters.
The Yenisei written monuments were found on the territory of Kazakhstan, modern Tuva , Khakassia , Gorny Altai, Krasnoyarsk Territory , in the upper reaches of the Lena River, on the riverside: Abakan , Kemchik , Kem , Oya , Talas ( Kazakhstan ), in the Yenisei Valley, in Mongolia ( Huushu Tsaidam) [1] . Scientists have given the discovered written monuments the names of the places in which they were found with the assigned digital designations: E-1, E-50, E-150, etc. For example: Uyuk-Tarlan (E-1), Barlyk I (E-5), Barlyk II (E-6), Elegest (E-10), etc.
History
The Yenisei written monuments were found on the territory of Kazakhstan near the village of Tuyuk, modern Tuva, Khakassia, Gorny Altai, Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the upper reaches of the Lena River, on the banks of the rivers Abakan , Kemchik , Kem , Oya , Orkhon (Mongolia), in the Yenisei Valley. A total of about 150 texts were found. They belong to the VI-X centuries. They were written in the ancient Turkic runic script.
Rock inscriptions are known, inscriptions on vessels, gravestones, boulders, on coins, wooden sticks and household items. The first information about the Yenisei written monuments was published in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Monuments were studied by scientists: N. Vitzei, S. Remezov, T. I. Starlenberg, P. S. Pallas and others. At the beginning of the 19th century, Grigory Spassky published information on ancient stones with inscriptions in the Siberian Herald journal. The article was translated into Latin, and it became available to European scholars.
A systematic study of the monuments began in the 19th century by scientists G.I. Spassky, O. Donler, A.V. Adrianov, N.M. Yadripsev, A.O. Hsykel, D.A. Klements, I.T. Savenkov, V. A. Oshurkov, I.G. Graney et al. In 1889, the Russian researcher N.M. Yadrintsev found similar monuments with inscriptions in Mongolia, on some monuments the inscriptions were bilingual, including the Chinese language. After the finds of Yadrintsev in Mongolia, the monuments became known as the Orkhon-Yenisei. Similar monuments were found in 1897-1897 in the Talas river basin (Kazakhstan), fragments with inscriptions on paper were found near the village of Tuyuk (Kazakhstan).
After the Danish linguist, Professor W. Thomsen found the key to the alphabet, it became possible to read the texts and translate them. Linguistic studies of the monuments were carried out by V.V. Radlov, V. Thomsen, P. M. Melioransky, H. N. Orkun, A. Gaben, S. E. Malov, I. A. Batmanov, A. I, Sherpabak, Zh. Clawson, A.S. Amanzholov, I.V. Kormushin, Z. B. Aragachi, L.R. Kyzlasov, I.L. Kyzlasov, E.R. Ragdylon and others.
From an archaeological and historical point of view, the monuments were studied by scientists S.V. Kiselev, L. A, Evtyukhov, A.N. Berishtam, A.D. Grach, S.G. Klyashtorpiy, D.D. Vasiliev and others.
Ancient Uigur written monuments belong to the era of the Turkic Kaganate . The largest monument includes about 400 characters. Most of the texts are written on steles made during the burials of the nobility. These steles were built in the VIII-XII centuries. The texts are epitaphs, mourning and praising buried beks ; they made little historical and political information and descriptions. In Mongolia , in the places where the steles were found, their exact copies were installed, and the steles themselves were transferred to the nearby museum of Hushuu Tsaidam.
In scientific materials, the Ancient Uigur written monuments bear the names of the places where they were found, they are also assigned conventional digital designations: E-1, E-50, E-150, etc. For example: Uyuk-Tarlan (E-1), Barlyk I (E -5), Barlyk II (E-6), Elegest (E-10), a monument to Tuba (E-37), etc.
Literature
- Klementz D. Archaeological diary of a trip to central Mongolia in 1891. Collection of works of the Orkhon expedition. SPb 1895.
- Malok S.E. Yenisei writing of the Türks, 1952;
- Malov S. E. Monuments of the ancient Turkic writing. Texts and studies. // M.-L .: 1951. 451 p.
- Batmanov I. L. The language of the Yenisei monuments of the ancient Turkic writing, Frunze, 1959;
- Vasiliev D. D. Corpus of Turkic runic monuments of the Yenisei basin, JI., 1983;
- Amapzholov A.S., Turkic runic graphics, (part 2) (methodological development), 1981.
- Yenisei written monuments // Kazakhstan. National Encyclopedia . - Almaty: Kazakh encyclopedias , 2005. - T. II. - ISBN 9965-9746-3-2 .
- Bröndal V. L'oeuvre de Vilhelm Thomsen. Acta Philologica Scandinavica, 1927, pp. 289-318.
Links
- Yenisei written monuments
- Monuments of ancient Turkic writing (inaccessible link)
Notes
When writing this article, material from the publication Kazakhstan. National Encyclopedia ”(1998-2007), provided by the editors of the“ Kazakh Encyclopedia ”under a Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 Unported license .