Pacific altitude system

In 1901-1906, the Russian military surveyor Alexandrov conducted a geometric leveling along the Trans-Siberian Railway from Baikal to Chelyabinsk , and in 1909-1911 in the opposite direction, from Chelyabinsk to Achinsk . A total of 3,600 kilometers of routes were laid in both directions. The general completion of work on leveling the Trans-Siberian Railway occurred only in 1928 in Vladivostok. As a result of these works, the “Temporary catalog of the heights of Siberian levelings produced by the Military Topographic Directorate from 1901 to 1928” was released.

In 1933, the second (after 1894) leveling of the country's leveling network was carried out in the USSR. By this time, there was already a leveling connection between the European (Baltic) system and Vladivostok, but a discrepancy of 1,873 m was found at the junction of the European and Siberian levels. For this reason, in 1934, it was decided to leave the Pacific system of heights for Eastern Siberia.

The boundary of the altitude systems was approximately 96 ° C. d. - to the west of the meridian the heights were counted from zero of the Kronstadt footstock , to the east - from zero of the Vladivostok footstock. In addition, in some areas of the eastern part of the USSR, heights were calculated from the level of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk - a footstock in Magadan.

Since then, the equalization of the Pacific system (according to some sources - since the 1940s) has been discontinued. The difference with the 1977 Baltic altitude system (BS 77) in the Baikal region is about 0.5 m.

The Pacific system of heights is of great importance in the modern world, since it is in this system of heights that the water level (limit values ​​of the elevation of the edge) of Lake Baikal is established. During the construction of the Irkutsk hydroelectric station , benchmarks of the Circum-Baikal road were used.

Here is what the director of FSUE Center of the Russian Register of Hydrotechnical Structures and the State Water Cadastre of the Federal Water Resources Agency S. E. Bednaruk says about the consequences of this situation:

In the 20-30s of the twentieth century, that is, during the survey, in the river basin . Hangars and Lake Due to the insufficient development of the leveling network of Lake Baikal, several local altitude systems were used, including the unofficial name of the Pacific System (TO). Official since the 30s. was the system of heights of the Baltic Sea (BM) . In the post-war years, in connection with the adoption of Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 07.04.1946 No. 760 "On the introduction of a unified system of geodetic coordinates and heights in the USSR", work began on the recalculation of the heights of the leveling network into a single system with the initial level of heights - the Baltic Sea . At present, the 1977 state Baltic system of normal heights operates throughout Russia.

In the design and construction of the Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station, elevations were used precisely in the so-called "Pacific System" obtained from benchmarks installed during the construction of the Circum-Baikal section of the East Siberian Railway, built in 1897-1904. Although, according to some reports, during the construction of the hydroelectric complex, the posts, both in its upper and lower pools, were tied to the Baltic altitude system.

Hidden block

Held in the 50s and 70s XX century work on translating the zeros of the graphs of all water gauging posts on Lake Baikal to the BS system has not been completed. In this case, the zeros of the graphs of posts on the river itself. The hangar today is tied to the BS system, one of the outposts on Lake. Baikal - to the TO system, and almost a dozen of the rest - in “certain” absolute marks, probably close to the BM system. The management of the lake level regime is carried out on the basis of the “average” mark obtained by calculation according to a formula that includes the data from the above posts. To date, when managing the regimes of Baikal and the Irkutsk reservoir, water level markers are used in the “Pacific System” of heights obtained by Roshydromet services through doubtful recounts, including from the Angarsk part, and from the current state altitude system! But when modeling the system and performing calculations to control reservoir regimes, these seemingly insignificant exercises with centimeters lead to paradoxical, implausible results. So, when translating the design hydraulic characteristics of the river section of the reservoir from one height system to another, water flows up to 1500 m³ / s from the lake to the Irkutsk hydroelectric complex pass ... against the slope of the water surface, that is, “uphill”! Moreover, when calculating electricity generation at the indicated “measured in fact” elevation and downstream elevations in the maintenance system, it turns out that the efficiency of hydropower units should exceed ... 100%! Here is the perpetual motion machine and the refutation of the fundamental laws of universal gravitation and energy conservation!

And the main conclusion here is this: in fact, today we do not know what the level of Lake Baikal really is, nor even more as it corresponds or does not correspond to Decree No. 234 ^[1] , which, as you probably already understood, is itself formulated in non-existent system of heights and really its performance cannot be controlled.

- http://www.priroda.ru/news/detail.php?ID=8620

• Tulokhonov, A.K. SYSTEM APPROACH TO NATURE USE IN THE BAIKAL REGION
• Gorobets V.P., Demyanov G.V., Mayorov A.N., Pobedinsky G.G. Current status and directions of development of geodetic support of the Russian Federation. Altitude and gravimetric support // Geoprofi. - 2014. - No. 1. - P. 6–7 PDF
• Burleshin, M. WATER OF BAIKAL NEEDS TO BE MANAGED / Natural Resource Bulletin N8, August 2008 (Bednaruk, S.E. - Director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Center of the Russian Register of Hydrotechnical Structures and the State Water Cadastre of Rosvodresursov)
• https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obespechenie-edinogo-koordinatnogo-prostranstva-privyazka-k-gosudarstvennoy-sisteme-vysot
• http://www.gisa.ru/112162.html
• (An example of completely false information about the system)
• Komarovsky, Yu. A. USE OF VARIOUS REFERENCE ELLIPSOIDS IN SHIPPING
• geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-anisimov-va-makarova-sv-inzhenernaya-geodeziya-2009.pdf
• Gefner O.V. Military topographer Alexander Alexandrovich Alexandrov (1858–1920) : contribution to the scientific study of Western Siberia // Siberian Village: history, current status, development prospects: collection of articles. scientific tr .: at 3 o’clock. - Omsk, 2012. - T. 2. - P. 181–185.
• https://www.internauka.org/archive2/tex/3(33).pdf

• Baltic altitude system
• Geodetic height
• National altitude systems in surveying