The Central African race (also the Negril race , the Pygmy race , Negril ) is one of the human races , refers to the so-called minor races. Its representatives are the pygmies that inhabit the small island habitats of the tropical forests of Equatorial and East Africa . Included with the Negro and South African races in the large Negroid race [1] . A characteristic feature of the Central African race is a very low growth - in some groups, on average, up to 140 cm [2] [3] [4] .
In the works of G. F. Debets , J. Ya. Roginsky and M. G. Levin , as well as V. V. Bunak and other researchers, the Central African race is mentioned, among other things, under the name "Negril (Negril) race" [5] [6] [7] [8] .
Content
Signs
The Central African minor race is characterized by the following features [2] [4] [9] :
- extremely low body length - up to 142-145 cm for men, in particular, the average height of Mbuti pygmies from the Democratic Republic of the Congo is 144 cm for men and 137 cm for women [10] ;
- slightly lighter skin in comparison with representatives of the Sudanese anthropological type ;
- stronger development of the tertiary hair , especially on the face, in comparison with neighboring groups of Negro populations;
- small face sizes;
- very bulging eyes;
- thinner than usual for the black race lips ;
- an extremely wide nose with a flat nose, slightly more strongly protruding in comparison with Sudanese-type Negroids;
- very mobile joints of the arms and legs.
According to some signs, first of all, by small stature, the Negrils are similar to the Negritos of the Melanesian race living in Southeast Asia . This similarity suggests that the characteristics of these anthropological types were formed as a result of adaptation to the same living conditions in tropical rain forests (under conditions of lack of food, lack of light and space) [2] [3] .
Origin and History
Negrilli populations apparently represent the ancient autochthonous population of the Congo Basin. The oldest mentions of pygmies presented in ancient Egyptian inscriptions date back to the 3rd millennium BC. According to genetic research, the ancestors of the Negril lived in isolation for about 60 thousand years. Subsequently, as a result of the migrations of agricultural peoples that began in the II millennium BC, speaking Ubangian , Central Sudanese and Bantu languages , the Negril population of Equatorial and East Africa was expelled to inaccessible areas [11] .
There are other hypotheses of the origin of the Central African race. It is assumed that the Negrilli are groups that stood out about 4-5 thousand years ago from farmers and secondarily switched to gathering . At the same time, Western Negril groups appeared almost at the same time as a result of the resettlement of the Eastern Negril groups to the West and their subsequent crossbreeding with Negro groups (face sizes and growth of the Western groups on average exceed those of the Eastern groups). According to another hypothesis, supporting a relatively late division into Western and Eastern groups - from 3 to 5 thousand years ago, the ancient origin of the Central African race (more than 40 thousand years ago) is confirmed. There is also a hypothesis according to which both the ancient origin of the Negril is affirmed, as well as their early separation, which occurred about 18 thousand years ago, while the negation of the mixing of Western Negril with Negroids coming from the north is denied. In some studies, on the basis of anthropometric and genetic data, a version of the independent origin of the western and eastern groups of Negril is put forward and indicates the possibility of distinguishing two different races instead of one Negril [12] .
A lively cultural and commodity exchange was always maintained between the pygmies and representatives of the Negro groups of the Sudanese and Nilotic types (in particular, as a result of such contacts, the pygmies completely switched to the languages of their neighbors). There were also frequent cases of interracial marriages between them, which led to the emergence of mixed populations. Perhaps the crossbreeding of the pygmies with neighboring tall Negro groups influenced the formation of a special Central African (peleonegroid, tropical) type in different parts of the Congo basin, which is characterized by lower growth compared to the Sudanese type, moderate dolichokephaly and stocky physique . Despite the mestization processes taking place on the border of the Negrilian ranges, in the inner parts of the ranges the specificity of the Central African race continues to persist [3] [12] .
Notes
- ↑ Negroid race / Pestryakov A.P. // Nanoscience - Nikolai Kavasila. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2013. - P. 268. - ( Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 22). - ISBN 978-5-85270-358-3 . Archived copy . Date of treatment June 29, 2019. Archived November 20, 2017. (Retrieved December 30, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Central African race / Pestryakov A.P. // Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vol.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017. Archived copy . Date of treatment June 29, 2019. Archived December 30, 2017. (Retrieved December 30, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Alekseeva, Bogatenkov, Drobyshevsky, 2004 , p. 168.
- ↑ 1 2 Brook S.I. , Cheboksarov N.N. Human Races // Peoples of the World: Historical and Ethnographic Handbook / Editorial: S. A. Arutyunov , S. I. Brook , T. A. Zhdanko , A. N Kozhanovsky , L. E. Kubbel , V. M. Makarevich , A. I. Pershits , V. V. Pimenov , P. I. Puchkov , N. E. Rudensky , V. A. Tishkov ; ch. ed. Yu. V. Bromley ; Scientific Ed. Council of the Soviet Encyclopedia publishing house, USSR Academy of Sciences ; Institute of Ethnography N.N. Miklouho-Maclay . - M .: " Soviet Encyclopedia ", 1988. - S. 17, 23 .
- ↑ Negro-australoid race // Nanoscience - Nikolai Kavasila. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2013. - P. 268. - ( Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 22). - ISBN 978-5-85270-358-3 . Archived copy . Date of treatment June 29, 2019. Archived November 20, 2017. (Retrieved December 30, 2017)
- ↑ Schemes of racial classifications of humanity by G. F. Debets and J. Ya. Roginsky and M. G. Levin in the article by I. V. Perevozchikov “Human Races” - Motherwort - Rumcherod. - M .: “The Great Russian Encyclopedia ”, 2015. - S. 257—259. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—, vol. 28). - ISBN 978-5-85270-365-1 . Archived December 29, 2017. (Retrieved December 30, 2017)
- ↑ The scheme of racial classification of humanity of V.V. Bunak in the article of I. V. Perevozchikov “Human Races” . - Motherwort - Rumcherod. - M .: “The Great Russian Encyclopedia ”, 2015. - S. 257—259. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—, vol. 28). - ISBN 978-5-85270-365-1 . Archived December 29, 2017. (Retrieved December 30, 2017)
- ↑ Alekseeva, Bogatenkov, Drobyshevsky, 2004 , p. 163-166.
- ↑ Alekseeva, Bogatenkov, Drobyshevsky, 2004 , p. 168-169.
- ↑ Alekseeva, Bogatenkov, Drobyshevsky, 2004 , p. 313.
- ↑ Pygmies / Popov V.A. // Peru - Semitrailer. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2014. - P. 171. - ( Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 26). - ISBN 978-5-85270-363-7 . Archived copy . Date of treatment June 29, 2019. Archived December 30, 2017. (Retrieved December 30, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 Drobyshevsky S.V. The missing link. Origin of the Central African (Pygmy) race . Antropogenez.ru (2017). Archived December 30, 2017. (Retrieved December 30, 2017)
Literature
- Alekseeva T. I. (ed.), Bogatenkov D. V. , Drobyshevsky S. V. Anthropology: Educational-methodical complex [Electronic textbook] . - M .: Institute for Distant Education of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia , 2004. - 459 p. Archived on September 10, 2016. Archived September 10, 2016 on the Wayback Machine (Retrieved December 30, 2017)
Links
- Drobyshevsky S.V. The missing link. The natural habitat of the East Equatorial (Australian-Melanesian) race. Central African (pygmy) race . Antropogenez.ru (2017). Archived December 30, 2017. (Retrieved December 30, 2017)
- Negril (or Pygmy, or Central African) race . Physical Anthropology. Illustrated Dictionary . EdwART (2011). Archived December 30, 2017. (Retrieved December 30, 2017)
- Pygmies and Bushmen - Stanislav Drobyshevsky (Post-Science) (Retrieved December 30, 2017)