Rokos Lubomirski ( Polish: Rokosz Lubomirskiego ) is a military confederation led by the hetman of the full crown Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirsky , created in 1665 against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Jan II Casimir Waza .
| Rokosh Lubomirsky | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| date | 1665-1666 | ||
| A place |  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | ||
| Commanders | |||
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In 1665 - 1666, supporters of Prince Jerzy Sebastian of Lubomirsky paralyzed the work of the Diet of the Commonwealth. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the command of Lubomirsky inflicted a number of defeats on the royal army in the battles of Czestochowa ( 1665 ) and Matwy ( 1666 ). Rokos (rebellion) ended with the signing of the Lenghonitsky agreement on July 31, 1666, under which King Jan Casimir was forced to abandon his planned reforms and the Vivente rege principle (the election of a new king during the lifetime of the reigning monarch ).
Background
The middle of the XVII century became one of the most tragic and difficult periods in the history of the Commonwealth. The country was devastated by several wars, such as the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1654) and the First Northern War (1655–1660). The international position of the Commonwealth was weakened. The royal power was extremely weak, the gentry democracy dominated the state. Polish-Lithuanian magnates and gentry enjoyed extensive privileges and liberties . In 1652, the Lithuanian deputy of the Sejm, Vladislav Sitsinsky , for the first time in Polish history used Liberum veto law, repealing the bill, which was to be adopted by parliament. The country was torn apart by internal conflicts between tycoons; its central authorities did not function.
Polish king Jan II Casimir Waza (1648–1668), well aware of the state of the Commonwealth, initiated an attempt to reform government institutions. In 1658, he introduced a government reform program, which included, inter alia, a majority vote, the creation of a centralized government, and a general tax system. The Polish Senate gave preliminary consent to the reforms, creating a special commission. The main problem was the election of the king. The king and his supporters wanted to introduce the Vivente rege principle, and his opponents opposed.
King Jan Casimir and his wife Maria Louise Gonzaga began to look for supporters among the Polish-Lithuanian nobility and tycoons. Their opponents, acting on the initiative of the Hapsburg envoy Franz Paul de Lisola, set up their camp, among whose members were magnates Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirsky , Lukas Opalinsky , Jan Leschinsky . All attempts to reform the state system were thwarted.
Rebellion
In 1661, at the Sejm, King Jan Casimir called on all deputies to support the additional taxes necessary to conduct electoral reform and pay the royal army. Dissatisfied magnates led by Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirsky opposed the royal proposals and created a confederation called the Holy Union in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania .
Members of the confederation, consisting mainly of soldiers who did not receive their salaries, demanded their money. They were supported by some representatives of the gentry, who primarily wanted to preserve their ancient privileges. They opposed any reforms and wanted to preserve the so-called free royal elections. Not all soldiers and gentry supported the uprising. Those of them who remained faithful to the crown, under the leadership of Stephen Charnetskiy , created their own confederation under the name of the Pious Union.
In 1662, the Sejm opposed all attempts to reform the government, but allowed the introduction of an additional tax on the maintenance of the army. But the Polish king was not going to give up. His main opponent, the hetman full crown Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirsky , was accused of treason in 1664 . The Sejm court found Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirsky guilty, stripped him of all his titles and confiscated his possessions, sentenced him to loss of honor and ordered him to leave Poland. Lubomirsky went to Silesia , which was under the control of the Habsburgs . Here, Lubomirsky established contacts with the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I , Elector of Brandenburg Frederick William I, and King Charles XI of Sweden, receiving material assistance from them to recruit his own army. He issued a manifesto in which he advocated freedom of the gentry from the absolutist policies of King Jan Casimir.
In 1665, Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirsky declared rokosh against royal authority, his army entered into Polish possession. Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirsky , relying on part of the crown army and gentry, defeated the royal army in the battles of Czestochowa ( September 4, 1665 ) and Montwami ( July 13, 1666 ).
On July 31, 1666, opponents entered into a peace agreement in the village of Lengonice . King Jan Casimir abandoned his plans to reform the republic and declared an amnesty to all participants in the uprising. In turn, Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirsky was forced to apologize for his actions to the king, received the confiscated estates, but was forced to go into exile.
In September 1668, under the pressure of the Sejm and the nobility and because of the sudden death of the Queen, King Jan Casimir Vasa abdicated, and left the country in April 1669 . Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirsky died in exile on December 31, 1667 .
Sources
- Stanisław Płaza, "Rokosz Lubomirskiego"
- M. Markiewicz, Historia Polski 1492-1795, Kraków 2005, s. 551
- Wiktor Czermak , Sprawa Lubomirskiego w roku 1664 ... 1886