On the territory of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, there are from 60 to 100 languages and dialects related to Sino-Tibetan , Thai-Kadai , Austro-Asian and Austronesian language families [1] .
The official state language of the Republic of Myanmar Union is, according to Article 450 of the Constitution of Myanmar , Burmese (Bama sa, Myanmar) [2] , it belongs to the Lolo-Burmese group of the Tibetan-Burmese branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, spoken by up to 70% of the population . Separately, such dialects of the Burmese language are distinguished as Aracan (uses 4% of the population), Tavoy and Meguy (about 0.2% of the population) [1] [3] .
The languages of the Lolo-Burmese group, used in Myanmar, about 0.2% of the population, include unwritten Atzi, Maru and Lash [1] .
Content
Local languages
In addition to the official Burmese language , Kachin language is distinguished, native to 2% of the population, distributed in the Kachin national region . About 1.5% of the population speaks the languages Naga, Miso, Chin, which belong to the Naga-ga group, mainly in the western and northwestern parts of the country.
Approximately 7% of the population speaks the languages of the Karen group, distributed mainly in the south-east of the country ( Karen national region , national region of Kaya ). The main languages of this group include: , , bwe , , kaya .
The Thai-Kadai language family is represented by the Shan language (9% of the population, in the north of the country is the Shan national region ).
Mon-Khmer languages (the Austro-Asian family) are represented in Myanmar in the Mon language (1.5–2% of the population, Mon state , the Irrawaddy River Delta, etc.), and wa [1] [4] .
Approximately 2,000–3,000 people living on the islands of the Andaman Sea , leading a nomadic lifestyle, use the language, which belongs to the Sundo-Sulawes group [1] .
In the Constitution
According to Article 451 of the Constitution of Myanmar, in interpreting the contents of the constitution, including its individual words and expressions, ideas, only the text in Myanmar is used, which is stored in the National Archives and is used as the main evidence in determining the meaning of the provisions of the main law of the state (Article 454 ) [2] .
Foreign languages
Due to the fact that Myanmar has been a colony of England for a long period of time, education in schools and universities was carried out in addition to Burmese and in English , therefore it unofficially acts as the second language of the state used as a business and communication with native speakers of other languages. About 30% of the population speak two languages - Burmese and English [5] .
See also
- List of peoples of Myanmar
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Political systems of modern states. Encyclopedic reference book in four volumes. T. 2: Asia / MGIMO (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, INOP; ch. Editor A.V. Torkunov; scientific Editor A. Yu. Melville; open Editor M. G. Mironyuk. - M .: Aspect Press, 2012. - S. 348. - ISBN 978–5–7567–0637–6.
- ↑ 1 2 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar of March 29, 2008 . Date of treatment November 1, 2017.
- ↑ The History of Mankind, Volume 3 / edited by A. N. Sakharov, Editor-in-Chief, E. A. Manushin - Magister Press Publishing House, 2003. - ISBN 9785893171570 .
- ↑ Pogibenko T. G. Austro-Asian family: problems of grammatical reconstruction . - M, 2012 .-- S. 40 .-- 455 p. - ISBN 978-5-89282-518-4 .
- ↑ Tolmacheva I. A. Language interaction in trilingualism // Bulletin of the Baltic Federal University named after I. Kant. - 2011. - No. 2. - ISSN 2500-039X .