Jucunoid tongues

Jucunoid tongues
Jucunoid tongues
Taxon	branch
Status	universally recognized
Area	Nigeria , Cameroon
Classification
Category	African languages
	Nigerian-Congolese macro-familyBenue Congolese familyEastern subfamilyCentral Nigerian branch
Composition
	central branch and sub-branch of the yukuben-kuteb
Language group codes
ISO 639-2	-
ISO 639-5	-

Jukunoid languages (also Jukunoid languages ; English jukunoid languages ) - a branch of the languages of the Benue-Congolese family of the Niger-Congolese macro-family . The area of distribution is the eastern regions of Nigeria (in the middle reaches of the Benue River) and the western regions of Cameroon . It includes about 20 languages ( Karim , Minda , Dzhukun , Mbembe (Tigon) , Kenta , Nyida, Kpanzo , Wapan , Kutep and others), united in two sub-branches - the central and Yukuben-kuteb ^{[~ 1]} . Native speakers are the Jukun people with a number of related ethnic groups ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] . The name "jucunoid branch" is formed using the suffix -oid- ( -oid- ), which, at the suggestion of J. Stuart, should indicate that languages belonging to a particular genetic association of the Benue-Congolese family share at least 40% of the total basic vocabulary according to the list of M. Swades ^[5] .

Within the framework of the Benue-Congolese family, the jucunoid branch is opposed to the bantoid , cross - river , defoid , edoid , idomoid , Igbooid , Kainji , Nupoid , Platoid and other linguistic branches ^[6] ^[7] . In different classifications, the place of the jucunoid branch within the Benue-Congolese family may be different. The close relationship of the jukunoid languages with the Dacoid , Platoid , and Kainji languages, which are combined into the Central Nigerian branch, is supposed . This branch in the classification of C. Williamson and R. Blench (2000) forms, together with the cross-rider and bantoid languages, the eastern subfamily of the Benue-Congolese languages ^[2] ^[8] ^[9] ^[10] .

For jucunoid languages (as well as for platoids), vowels are opposed by nasalization and longitude . Indicators of noun classes in nouns are suffixes (in other Benue-Congolese languages, most often prefixes ) ^[1] .

Content

Classification

Inland

In accordance with the classification published in the reference book of the languages of the world Ethnologue , the jucunoid branch is divided into the following groups and subgroups of languages ^[3] :

central branch :
- jukun-mbembe-wurbo group :
  - Jukun subgroup: hone , jibu , jukun takum , wapha ;
  - Kororof subgroup: jiba , bath , wapan ;
  - mbembe subgroup: mbembe (tigong) ;
  - Wurbo subgroup: Karim (Chomo Karim) , Jiru , Tita ;
  - unclassified language : schoo-minda-nye ;
- Kpan-ichen group : Kentu (Etkivan) , Kpan ;
sub-branch of yukuben-kuteb : Akum , beesen , kapya , kutep (kuteb, zumper) , yukuben .

Also, the practically extinct Beta language belongs to jucunoid languages, the place of which is not indicated in the classification within the jucunoid branch of languages ^[11] .

In the classification published in the database of world languages , 15 jukunoid languages are distinguished, central jukunoid languages in this classification are opposed to the kutep language (the remaining languages of the Yukuben group are classified as platoid languages), the titus language is not included in the number of jukunoid languages, but Jan-Avei language , subgroups of Jukun and Kororof are combined into one subgroup, and the dialect cluster Shoo-Mind-Nye is assigned to the Wurbo subgroup ^[4] :

central branch :
- jukun-mbembe-wurbo group :
  - Jukun subgroup: hone , jan-ave , jiba , jibu , jukun takum , bath , wapan , wapha ;
  - subgroup tigon mbembe : tigon mbembe ;
  - Wurbo subgroup: Chomo Karim , Jiru , Shoo-Mind-Nye ;
- Kpan-ichen group : ethkivan , kpan ;
sub-branch kutep .

The British linguist R. Blench gives the following classification of jucunoid languages ^[12] :

sub-branch of yukuben-kutep : yukuben , shibong, bete , loofah, kuteb , kapya , lissa (lissam) ;
central branch :
- Kpan-ethkivan group : kpan , ethkivan ;
- jukun-mbembe-wurbo group :
  - mbembe tigong subgroup: ashuku , nama ;
  - cluster of jukun : jibu , takum dong , vase ;
  - Kororof cluster: Abinsi , Vapan , Khone , Jan Avei , Dampar ;
  - Wurbo subgroup: Shoo-Mind-Nye , Chomo Karim , Jiru .

R. Blench attributed Akum idioms to unclassified languages.

External

2005 work by R. Blench Is there a boundary between Plateau and Jukunoid? a classification is presented in which the jucunoid languages form one of four branches in the Central Nigerian branch of the Benue-Congolese family ^[8] :

Distribution area of jukunoid languages on the distribution map of Benue-Congolese languages in Nigeria and Cameroon

Areas of sub-branches, groups and subgroups of jukunoid languages

central nigerian

dacoid

jucunoid

platoid

tarocoid

eloi

southeastern

southern

ndun

	alumu

	ninzian

central

birom

northern

kainji

Study History

The unity of jukunoid languages was established long ago; S. Kölle (1854) and (1931) mentioned this. One of the first to include the jucunoid linguistic branch in the Benue-Congolese family was the American linguist J. Greenberg ( Studies in African linguistic classification , 1955; The Languages of Africa , 1963). The first to deal with detailed descriptions of jukunoid languages was Japanese researcher K. Shimizu . In his work in 1975, he proposed combining some of the languages of the jucunoid and plateau branches. Based on the data of lexicostatistics, he established the kinship of the jukunoid languages with the Eggon language (and, accordingly, with the other plateau languages, including Nungu and Yeskva ), as well as with the tarokoid languages of Yergam and Basherava . K. Shimizu proposed to call this group of languages “benue”. In a 1983 study, L. Gerhardt questioned the unity of this group. In the works of Kainji and Platoid, L. Gerhardt (1989) and An Index of Nigerian Languages, D. Crozier and R. Blench (1992), the name “Benue” was proposed to be retained for jukunoid and tarokoid languages, which were opposed to plateau languages. Subsequently, a greater affinity of tarokoid languages with platoids than with jukunoids was established. The idea of combining jucunoid, Dacoid, Platoid, and Kainji languages into the branch of Central Nigerian languages came later based on an analysis of the studies of L. Gerhardt, D. Crozier and R. Blench of the 1980s - 1990s ^[13] .

Notes

Comments

↑ Yukuben languages in a number of classifications are not included in the composition of jukunoid languages. Instead of sub- branching the yukuben-kuteb to central jukunoid languages, in these classifications only one kutep language is opposed .

Sources

↑ ¹ ² Vinogradov V.A. Benue-Congolese Languages // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V.N.Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 . Archived copy (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment October 30, 2017. Archived October 31, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
↑ ¹ ² Benue-Congolese Languages / V. Vinogradov // “Banquet Campaign” 1904 - Big Irgiz. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2005. - S. 330-332. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 3). - ISBN 5-85270-331-1 . Archived copy (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment June 6, 2018. Archived November 2, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
↑ ¹ ² Simons GF, Fennig CD: Niger-Congo. Atlantic-Congo. Volta-Congo. Benue-Congo. Jukunoid . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2017). Archived October 31, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
↑ ¹ ² Hammarström H., Forkel R., Haspelmath M. , Bank S .: Subfamily: Jukunoid . . Jena: (2016). Archived on October 30, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
↑ Nigerian-Congolese Languages / Pozdnyakov K.I. // Nanoscience - Nikolai Kavasila. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2013 .-- S. 599-602. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 22). - ISBN 978-5-85270-358-3 . Archived copy (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment June 17, 2018. Archived on October 30, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
↑ Simons GF, Fennig CD: Niger-Congo. Atlantic-Congo. Volta-Congo. Benue-Congo Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2017). Archived October 31, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
↑ Williamson K. Benue – Congo Languages // Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World / Edited by , S. Ogilvie. - 1st Edition. - Oxford: Elsevier , 2009. - P. 150-152. - 1283 p. - ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7 .
↑ ¹ ² Blench R. Is there a boundary between Plateau and Jukunoid? (English) (pdf) P. 2. ResearchGate (2005). - Paper for the Vienna Jukunoid workshop, Vienna, 19-20th, November, 2005. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
↑ Babaev K.V. Reconstruction of the Benue-Congolese system of personal pronouns // African digest / Ros. Acad. Sciences , Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. Peter the Great (Kuntskamera) RAS / Vydrin V. F. - SPb. : “ Science ”, 2009. - S. 166 . - ISBN 978-5-88431-148-7 . (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
↑ Blažek V. Jazyky Afriky v přehledu genetické klasifikace. Kongo-kordofánské jazyky, benue-kongo (Czech) (pdf) S. 2, 5. Masarykova univerzita . Filozofická fakulta (2009). Archived on June 7, 2013. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
↑ Simons GF, Fennig CD: Bete. A language of Nigeria . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2017). Archived on October 30, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
↑ Blench R. An Atlas of Nigerian Languages. 3rd Edition ( pdf) P. 98. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2012). Archived on November 28, 2016. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
↑ Blench R. Is there a boundary between Plateau and Jukunoid? (English) (pdf) P. 1-3. ResearchGate (2005). - Paper for the Vienna Jukunoid workshop, Vienna, 19-20th, November, 2005. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

Links

Jukunoid (English) (html). MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships (2009). Archived on October 30, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[1] Yukuben languages in a number of classifications are not included in the composition of jukunoid languages. Instead of sub- branching the yukuben-kuteb to central jukunoid languages, in these classifications only one kutep language is opposed .

[ЛЭС._Бенуэ-конголезские_языки-2] ¹ ² Vinogradov V.A. Benue-Congolese Languages // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V.N.Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 . Archived copy (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment October 30, 2017. Archived October 31, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[БРЭ._Бенуэ-конголезские_языки-3] ¹ ² Benue-Congolese Languages / V. Vinogradov // “Banquet Campaign” 1904 - Big Irgiz. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2005. - S. 330-332. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 3). - ISBN 5-85270-331-1 . Archived copy (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment June 6, 2018. Archived November 2, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[Ethnologue._Jukunoid-4] ¹ ² Simons GF, Fennig CD: Niger-Congo. Atlantic-Congo. Volta-Congo. Benue-Congo. Jukunoid . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2017). Archived October 31, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[Glottolog._Jukunoid-5] ¹ ² Hammarström H., Forkel R., Haspelmath M. , Bank S .: Subfamily: Jukunoid . . Jena: (2016). Archived on October 30, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[БРЭ._Нигеро-конголезские_языки-6] Nigerian-Congolese Languages / Pozdnyakov K.I. // Nanoscience - Nikolai Kavasila. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2013 .-- S. 599-602. - (The Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 22). - ISBN 978-5-85270-358-3 . Archived copy (unopened) (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment June 17, 2018. Archived on October 30, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[7] Simons GF, Fennig CD: Niger-Congo. Atlantic-Congo. Volta-Congo. Benue-Congo Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2017). Archived October 31, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[8] Williamson K. Benue – Congo Languages // Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World / Edited by , S. Ogilvie. - 1st Edition. - Oxford: Elsevier , 2009. - P. 150-152. - 1283 p. - ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7 .

[Blench_R.-9] ¹ ² Blench R. Is there a boundary between Plateau and Jukunoid? (English) (pdf) P. 2. ResearchGate (2005). - Paper for the Vienna Jukunoid workshop, Vienna, 19-20th, November, 2005. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[10] Babaev K.V. Reconstruction of the Benue-Congolese system of personal pronouns // African digest / Ros. Acad. Sciences , Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. Peter the Great (Kuntskamera) RAS / Vydrin V. F. - SPb. : “ Science ”, 2009. - S. 166 . - ISBN 978-5-88431-148-7 . (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[11] Blažek V. Jazyky Afriky v přehledu genetické klasifikace. Kongo-kordofánské jazyky, benue-kongo (Czech) (pdf) S. 2, 5. Masarykova univerzita . Filozofická fakulta (2009). Archived on June 7, 2013. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[12] Simons GF, Fennig CD: Bete. A language of Nigeria . Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2017). Archived on October 30, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[13] Blench R. An Atlas of Nigerian Languages. 3rd Edition ( pdf) P. 98. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2012). Archived on November 28, 2016. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)

[14] Blench R. Is there a boundary between Plateau and Jukunoid? (English) (pdf) P. 1-3. ResearchGate (2005). - Paper for the Vienna Jukunoid workshop, Vienna, 19-20th, November, 2005. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)