Johann Kristof Glaubitz ( lit. Jonas Kristupas Glaubicas , Polish Jan Krzysztof Glaubitz , Belorussian Jan Glabits around 1700, Swidnica - March 30, 1767 , Vilna ) - the creator and largest representative of the Vilnius baroque , one of the most sought-after architects of the Grand Duchy of the 18th century .
| Johann Christoph Glaubitz | |
|---|---|
 Gates of the Basilian monastery ( 1761 , Vilnius ) | |
| Basic information | |
| A country |  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth |
| Date of Birth | |
| Place of Birth | Schweidnitz , Silesia |
| Date of death | |
| A place of death | Willy |
| Work and Achievements | |
| Worked in the cities | Vilno , Polotsk |
| Architectural style | baroque |
| The most important buildings | Catholic church of St. Catherine |
| Restoration of monuments | Catholic church of St. John |
Content
- 1 Biography
- 2 Creativity
- 3 Memory
- 4 notes
- 5 Literature
Biography
He was probably born in Silesia , although it has been suggested that he was a native of Vilna . Judging by the shapes and ornamentation of his early works, reminiscent of the early German Rococo , he studied architecture in southern Germany.
The devastating fires of 1737 , 1748 and 1749 caused deep damage to the quarters of Vilna's Old Town . Glaubits participated in the restoration, reconstruction and construction of ensembles and individual buildings - primarily the houses on Švento Mikalojaus g. , In which he himself lived with his family until 1749 . In 1749, Glaubits rented a large corner house from the Lutheran Evangelical community, rebuilt it and lived in it until the last day.
Until 1737, Glaubitz was a member of the council and architect of the Lutheran Evangelical community. In 1737 - 1744, he rebuilt and reconstructed the Lutheran Evangelical Church and the adjacent community buildings in late Baroque forms. According to his project and with his participation in 1741 - 1742, a magnificent baroque altar was built in the temple.
Creativity
According to his projects, churches of various faiths were built or reconstructed in Vilna:
- Evangelical Lutheran Church (and its interior is equipped in the Rococo style ) ( 1738 - 1744 ).
- The main western facade and the eastern pediment of the Church of St. John ( 1738 - 1748 ), a unique ensemble of 23 baroque altars was built in the interior (10 altars have been preserved); the church and bell tower, which for a long time remained the tallest building in Vilna (over 60 m, data range from 63 m [3] to 68 m with a cross [4] ) determined the dominance of Baroque in the university ensemble and became the architectural dominant of the baroque panorama of Vilnius.
- pediment and upper tiers of two bell towers of St. Catherine's Church ( 1741 - 1743 ), in 1746 reconstructed the Providence chapel in this church.
- interior of the Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit ( 1749 - 1753 ), damaged by a fire in 1749 .
- restored the Vilnius Town Hall , which suffered from a fire in 1749, while rebuilding its tower ( 1749 - 1753 ) [5] .
- In the mid- 18th century, he created the baroque interior of the Great Synagogue (it suffered during the Second World War and did not survive).
- In 1749 - 1751 and 1759 - 1762 he rebuilt and decorated the chapel in the Evangelical Lutheran cemetery. In addition, the towers of the church of the missionaries ( 1750 - 1756 ) were built with decks .
- He also erected in the late Baroque style the gates of the Basilian monastery of the Holy Trinity ( 1761 ); it is also assumed that in 1750 Glaubits erected two graceful side towers under the eastern facade of the Holy Trinity Church and in 1760 - 1763 built the monastery buildings on the old foundation, restored the Skuminov chapel.
- He is also credited with the authorship of the Church of the Finding of the Holy Cross (Calvary) in Vilna.
According to Glaubitsa projects, residential buildings in Lithuania were reconstructed, palaces and churches were built in Belarus . Among the buildings restored and reconstructed by him in Vilna are the Soltanovsky House ( 1739 ), Mueller ( 1741 - 1742 and 1749 - 1749 ).
In 1762, he prepared a plan for the reconstruction of the Olizarov Palace (Lopatsinsky) in Vilna. M. Lopatsinsky purchased the building on the site at the intersection of the current streets of Šiltadaržo and Bernardin in the Old Town and ordered the reconstruction project from Glaubits. The work was carried out first by the architect Andris (died in 1765 ), then by Fraser. The palace is a complex trapezoidal complex of buildings with a partially enclosed courtyard. The main building is two-story, surrounding an irregularly shaped courtyard, a high roof is tiled. The lower floor is covered with gray, the upper one with darker textured plaster , on which white window frames and other details stand out in contrast . On the line of Bernardin Street, the facade is slightly curved. The most magnificent side facade with risalits , a two-story arcade , pilasters and a broken line of the cornice . [6] The architectural historian Juliusz Klos noted interesting architectural motifs characteristic of the transitional era from Rococo to classicism . [7] In the second half of the 19th century, the house belonged to Zavadsky. Now in the palace is the hotel.
In 1748 - 1765, Glaubits worked on the reconstruction of the Basilian Hagia Sophia in Polotsk ; probably the tallest and most impressive baroque building in Belarus. His main works also include the Carmelite Church in Glubokoe. In 1748 - 1749 he designed and built a two-story palace of the Uniate Metropolitan Grebnitsky in Strun near Polotsk. According to the Belarusian researcher A. Yaroshevich, according to the project Glaubitsa, the Church of the Holy Archangel Michael in Ivenets could be built. [8]
Often among the architect's buildings, the three-nave church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in Lida is mentioned, but the Polish researcher P. Pyzel believes that neither the time of the erection of the temple, nor its stylistic features allow talking about the authorship of Glaubits. [9]
Its buildings are characterized by the original features of Vilnius baroque , distinguished by its elegance of forms and decorativeness. A striking feature of the style created by the Howitzer is the two, as a rule, high and light towers of the main facade with tiers decorated differently.
Memory
One of the streets ( Jono Glaubico gatvė ) in the Vilnius Pashilaičiai region is named after Glaubits [10] .
Notes
- ↑ http://old.zviazda.by/ru/archive/?idate=2012-03-07
- ↑ Structurae - Ratingen .
- ↑ Antanas Rimvydas Čaplikas. Vilniaus gatvių istorija. Pilies gatvė. Vilnius: Charibdė, 2005. ISBN 9986-745-89-6 . P. 201. (lit.)
- ↑ Lietuvos TSR istorijos ir kultūros paminklų sąvadas. 1: Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija, 1988.P. 542 (lit.)
- ↑ Vladas Drėma. Dingęs Vilnius. Vilnius: Vaga, 1991. ISBN 5-415-00366-5 . P. 146. (lit.)
- ↑ Lietuvos architektūros istorija. T. II: Nuo XVII a. pradžios iki XIX a. vidurio. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1994. ISBN 5-420-00583-3 (erroneous) . P. 167. (Polish)
- ↑ Wilno. Przewodnik krajoznawczy Juliusza Kłosa, Prof. Uniwersytetu St. Batorego. Wydanie trzecie popraione po zgonie autora. Wilno, 1937. S. 145. (Polish)
- ↑ Yarashevich A.A. Ivanyetsk kotsotsely // Ave Maria: Chasopis of Minsk-Magіlёўskay archіdyyatsezіі. No. 2 (69), 2001. - S. 13 - 15 (Polish)
- ↑ Pyzel, K. Kościół parafialny PW Podwyższenia Krzyża Św. w Lidzie // Kościoły i klasztory rzymskokatolickie gawnego wojewódstwa wileńskiego / redakcja naukowa: Maria Kalamajska-Saeed; Międzynarodowe Centrum Kultury w Krakowie. - Krakow: MCK, 2005-2008. T. 2. 2008. - 244 s., [218] s. il .: il. (polish)
- ↑ Jono Glaubico gatvė Vilniuje (lit.) . Vilniaus katalogas . Date of treatment February 2, 2014.
Literature
- Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johann Christoph Glaubitz
- S. Lorentz, Jan Krzysztof Glaubitz - architekt wileński XVIII wieku, Warszawa 1937
- Lietuvos architektūros istorija. T. II: Nuo XVII a. pradžios iki XIX a. vidurio. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1994. ISBN 5-420-00583-3 (erroneous) . S. 50-52.
- Lithuania. Brief Encyclopedia. Vilnius: Main edition of encyclopedias, 1989. S. 212-213.
- Savitsky, K.V. Johann Glaubits in Polish historiography / K.V. Savitsky // The role of the individual in the history of state and law of Belarus: a collection of abstracts based on the materials of the Republican Scientific and Theoretical Conference of undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students, Minsk, November 3–4 2016 year / [ed. I.V. Vishnevskaya, I.P. Mankevich]; UO "Belarusian State Economic University". - Minsk: Belarusian State Economic University, 2016 .-- S. 234-235.