Oratory

Manifestations of natural oratory are often found in everyday life. Imagine the situation: one person is walking along the road, not seeing danger threatening him, and the other, raising his voice, warns him about it. Another example. One man fell into the water, and another raises a cry so that others come to the rescue. Examples of natural eloquence can be found in villages where people communicate loudly and emotionally, almost screaming at one another (“across the street”) or at a market where everyone is reporting something about his product. Such manifestations of eloquence do not require special training. The voice in such cases rises naturally, under the influence of feelings and relevant circumstances.

There are situations when a person needs to say something beautifully and convincingly, but there are no necessary emotions at the moment. It requires special self-management skills that can be acquired through the practical application of oratory techniques. Oratory eloquence, as a special kind of art, arose in ancient Greece. No other ancient culture - neither Egyptian , nor Akkadian , nor Chinese , nor Indian - pays such close attention to oratorics as Greek, and gives high examples of the meaningful and stylistic perfection of the dialectics and art of the spoken word. Oratory teaches how to make ordinary speech oratory. The traditions of modern oratory come from the ancient rhetoric of Ancient Greece and Rome . However, modern oratory techniques come from the conditions of the technical development of mankind. So, the speaker today is helped by sound and visual means, which makes his speech more effective than hundreds of years ago.

Oratorical speech is a type of monologic speech used in a situation where the speaker addresses a large audience for the purpose of persuasion ^[2] . The speaker’s speech has its own peculiarities of composition and style, as well as a special ratio of linguistic and non-linguistic means of communication. There are several basic qualities that distinguish oratory from other types of speech.

1. A speaker addresses the people with a public speech - not only to convey information to the listener, but also to receive a response in the form of interest (to convince) or some action (to induce). Such a speech always has an agitational character . To do this, the speaker must be inspired by the subject of his speech and invest in it what he considers necessary and useful for his listeners .
2. In order for the speech to touch and interest the audience, the speaker’s authority or his special psychological attitude is important. To induce listeners to take some actions, the speaker, first of all, makes an effort that requires a special effort of will . This effort is felt in the speaker’s speech and is transmitted to his listeners, prompting them to action.

In oratory , an argument is facts, research data, events, practical examples aimed at proving a thesis . ^[one]

In ancient rhetoric, Aristotle distinguished three types of argument : ethos, pathos, logos. ^[3]

• Ethos - ethical, moral position of a person who is preparing his speech to motivate people to certain actions, to call for a change in views, attitude to the subject of the statement; ethos is most directly related to a sense of civic responsibility for a spoken or written word.
• The Logos is that important thought for people, an idea that should become the subject of their active reflection and assimilation on a dialectical level.
• Paphos - this is appropriate to the situation, the purpose of the statement, the form of speech expression that is most conducive to understanding and understanding the meaning of the statement.

In modern rhetoric, Nikolai Ovcharov defines three forms of argumentation: ^[1]

• Theoretical - well-known facts, studies, scientific publications, statistics.

• Practical - practical examples from one's own or another's experience.

• Visual - comparison with a known image or event.

There is a direct relationship between the psyche and the vocal apparatus of a person. If the thoughts and feelings that the speaker wishes to voice are weak, unclear, timid or indefinite, then his speech will be the same. The speech apparatus will not work fully. Signs of this malfunction include intermittent and shallow breathing, a monotonous voice, fuzzy articulation, and false intonation. In order to bring the speech mechanism into full “combat readiness”, vivid, lively thoughts and the speaker’s readiness to share them are necessary. According to Paul Sopera, the main task of the speaker is to have something to say and have a deep need to express it ^[4] .

• Nikolay Ovcharov Master of public speaking. The most practical book on oratory. M.: 2017 .-- 212 p. - ISBN 978-6-17-737395-6
• Kornilova E. N. Rhetoric - the art of persuading. M .: URAO, 1998 .-- 208 p. - ISBN 5-204-00146-8
• Averky (Taushev) . Guide to homiletics. - M .: PSTGi, 2001 .-- 143 p. - ISBN 5-7429-0110-0
• Soper P. L. Fundamentals of the art of speech. - M .: Phoenix, 2006 .-- 448 p. - ISBN 5-222-07060-3
• Shahidzhanyan V.V. Learning to speak in public

• Oratory // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Judicial eloquence // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Political Eloquence // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Church Eloquence // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Military eloquence // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.