Vyazemy (estate)

For the first time, the name Vyazema is found in documents of the 16th century . Under Ivan the Terrible, Vyazemy was the last station in front of Moscow along the Great Smolensk Road. Then the village was called Nikolskoye-Vyazemy - apparently, in connection with the wooden church that once existed here. At the end of 1584, the village was donated by Tsar Fedor I Ioannovich to his brother-in-law Boris Godunov , who immediately started a large construction here.

At the end of the sixteenth century, it was listed here as “a five-horse church and a stone dam by the pond” (as the Piskaryovsky chronicler reports) - the current Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior . It is known that the temple was consecrated in 1600 - which means that by the time of consecration it was completely completed and painted. The main throne was consecrated in the name of the Trinity (now it has a different dedication), the lower church in high basement is Nicholas the Wonderworker , the southern side chapel is the Annunciation , and the northern side is Michael the Archangel . At the same time, a belfry of the Pskov type was built, uncharacteristic for the architecture of these places.

At the time of Godunov, there also existed his wooden tower, the mentioned St. Nicholas Church, Torzhok (the building of the fair) and the whole John the Theological Monastery. All these buildings were surrounded by a wooden wall with five towers; the fortress walls were protected by a specially dug moat, so that the entire complex of buildings was a powerful fortress. None of these structures, except for a stone temple and a belfry, have survived to our time - even in a rebuilt form. From the side of the river you can see the strongly swollen ramparts.

In the Time of Troubles, Vyazemy became a suburban palace of False Dmitry I , and Marina Mnishek also stayed here. After the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Vyazema in 1618 were assigned to the palace department.

In 1694, Peter I granted the estate to Prince Boris Golitsyn , who did not consider Vyazma as his main estate, preferring Dubrovitsy .

In the 18th century , a clergy house was built near the Transfiguration Church, which was fenced with a stone fence along with the church and the belfry. In the second half of the 18th century, under the great-grandson of Boris Alekseevich, Nikolai Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1729-1793), construction of the palace and outbuildings began . The construction of two wings ended in the early 1770s, and in 1784 the palace house was completed. Simultaneously with the construction of buildings, a regular park is established.

After the death of a single Nikolai Mikhailovich, the estate was owned by his cousin Prince Boris Vladimirovich , also a bachelor ^[1] . After his death in 1813, the estate went to his brother, the Moscow governor-general D.V. Golitsyn , however, the son-in-law of the previous owner, writer S.P. Shevyrev , who was cataloging a huge estate library, lived here for a long time. N.V. Gogol called in to visit him.

In 1812, M.I. Kutuzov , and later Napoleon, stayed at the estate. In memory of these events, a commemorative sign has been installed on the estate. At different times, the estate was visited by Pavel I , N. M. Przhevalsky , V. Ya. Bryusov , L. N. Tolstoy . The name of Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin is associated with the estate. A few kilometers from here was the estate of Hannibals - Zakharovo , in which the poet spent his childhood. The younger brother of A. Pushkin, Nikolenka, who died in infancy, is buried near the wall of the church.

The Golitsins owned the estate before the revolution , however, like other old noble nests, it was impoverished in the post-reform era and was almost abandoned. In 1917, the manor house stood in an overgrown garden with clogged windows. In Soviet times, more than a dozen institutions succeeded each other in the estate - a shelter for street children, a school of paratroopers, a tank school, institutes of horse breeding, printing and phytopathology.

In the late 1980s, the efforts of local local historians ^[2] , primarily A. I. Vinogradov ^[3] and A. M. Ryazanov , began the creation of a museum, at first a folk museum, located in the former house of the clergy of the church. Since 1994, the Vyazema estate and the Zakharovo estate have been forming the A.S. Pushkin State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve .

• The palace house and outbuildings (70-80s of the XVIII century )
• Church of the Savior Transfiguration (originally - the Life-Giving Trinity) in Vyazemy (end of the 16th century )
• Belfry (end of the 16th century )
• The fence around the temple complex
• House of clergy
• Dam on the Vyazemka River, built by decree of Boris Godunov
• Stone bridge over the Vyazemka river (1820s)
• Parterre
• Regular park
• Monument to Pushkin
• Memorial sign in honor of the stop of two armies in the Patriotic War of 1812
• The complex of farm buildings of the XVIII — XX centuries
• Horse yard

The museum complex includes a palace and two wings of the XVIII century , a horse yard with wings of the XVII century ^[4] , outbuildings, parks, ponds created during the XVI - XIX centuries . In total, there are more than 20 historical and cultural monuments on the territory of the Vyazema estate ^[5] .

Next to the museum is the Transfiguration Church and a belfry from the late 16th century . The younger brother of Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin, Nikolai (1801-1807), who died at the age of only 6 years, was buried in the fence of the church. The Golitsyn Palace presents an interior exhibition that tells about the life of the estate during the time of Pushkin ^[4] .

The museum regularly holds scientific conferences.

• Novikov V.I. Big Vyazemy. - M .: Moscow Worker , 1988. - 64, [16] p. - ( Monuments of the Moscow Region ). - 60,000 copies. - ISBN 5-239-00056-5 .
• Kartashev P. Transfiguration Church of the village of Big Vyazemy. - M., B.G. (2006?)
• Kusov V.S. On the ancient Vyazma camp, and not only about it // Moscow Journal. - The Orthodox Russian-Russian News Agency, November 1, 2002.

• State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve of A.S. Pushkin