Stark, Boris Viktorovich

Boris Viktorovich Stark was born in 1883 on November 18 (30) in St. Petersburg in the family of a military engineer. There he received secondary education, graduating in 1902 from a gymnasium with a gold medal. From 1902 to 1908 he studied at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute at the metallurgical department, which he graduated with the title of metallurgical engineer, successfully defending his thesis on “Oxygen in steel during the open-hearth process”.

Upon graduation, B.V. Stark was left at the department of metallography and general metallurgy, where he worked as a teacher until August 1916. While working at the institute, he worked part-time at the factories in St. Petersburg. In 1908-1909 Acted as an assistant to the head of the chemical and metallurgical laboratories and the head of the pyrometric department he created at the Obukhov Steel Plant . From spring 1915 to September 1916, at the invitation of metal scientist N. I. Belyaev, B. V. Stark worked as a consultant engineer at the Putilov steel mill in a metallographic laboratory.

In the fall of 1916, together with N. I. Belyaev, he moved to the Moscow Region to build the Elektrostal plant , the first Russian plant to produce high-quality alloy steels. Soon, N.I. Belyaev appointed B.V. Stark, first as the head of the chemical and metallurgical, then mechanical and metallurgical laboratories, a station for testing tools and the department of heat treatment of metals.

B.V. Stark worked at the Elektrostal plant until January 1925, after which he worked on the board of the Gospromsvetmet trust as an engineer of the scientific and technical department (1925-1928), and as head of the color technology department at the State Institute of Applied Mineralogy metals and alloys (1928-1930), at the Central Research Institute of Heavy Engineering - consultant engineer at the welding laboratory (1940-1941).

B. V. Stark successfully combined production and scientific work with pedagogical activity in universities. From January 1921 to April 1930 he worked at the Moscow Mining Academy at the metallurgical faculty as a first teacher, and from January 13, 1930 as a professor and head of the department of metallography and general metallurgy, later renamed the department of Theoretical Metallurgy. In April 1930, Professor B.V. Stark joined the Moscow Steel Institute , organized on the basis of the metallurgical faculty of the Moscow Mining Academy. Here he worked until February 7, 1952. The Department of Theoretical Metallurgy, which he created at the Mining Academy, became a part of the metallurgical faculty of the Steel Institute, and B.V. Stark remained in charge of it.

All further fruitful activities of the scientist are inextricably linked with the Moscow Institute of Steel, one of the first vice-rectors of which he was. B.V. Stark was the first dean of the metallurgical faculty at the Steel Institute (1934), from 1936 to 1937. headed the postgraduate school of the institute, for several years he was the chairman of the examination committee for admission of students to the institute, as well as the organizer of the metallography department. The first dean of the Institute of Physics and Technology, created on his initiative in 1948, for the training of research engineers.

The teaching activities of B.V. Stark were not limited to the Moscow Institute of Steel. In the early 30s, he worked as a professor and head of the department of "Theories of Metallurgical Processes" at the All-Union Industrial Academy in Moscow.

For his great achievements in the field of the development of science and the training of engineering and scientific personnel, B.V. Stark was awarded the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences by the Decree of the Higher Attestation Commission on September 29, 1943, and by the resolution of the general meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences he was approved as a corresponding member USSR Department of Technical Sciences.

In 1952, B.V. Stark retired. He died on November 2, 1955, at the 72nd year of his life, and was buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery in Moscow ^[1] .

At the beginning of his scientific activity, B.V. Stark was engaged in technological analysis of products of metallurgical plants, in particular, the determination of the critical points of carbon and special steel by the differential method. His first work, On Nickel Diformism, carried out jointly with engineer D.M. Tatatarchenko, dates back to this time.

While working at the Putilov factory under the direction of N. I. Belyaev, B.V. Stark and other scientists, studies were carried out to create new grades of low alloy steels, especially high-speed steels, in which the content of scarce and expensive tungsten, partially replaced by chromium, was significantly reduced. This work was then extremely important for the development of the domestic industry of special steels, one of the consequences of these discoveries was the creation of the Elektrostal plant, focused on the production of high-quality alloy steels.

During work at this plant, with the direct execution and guidance of B.V. Stark, a number of works were performed: “The influence of the mass of the product on the hardening effect of chromium-nickel steel of variable composition”, “Heat treatment of Invar and low-magnetic steel”, “Heat treatment, hardness and structure high-speed tool steel of variable composition ”and others. The period of managing B.V. Stark for the department of heat treatment of metals includes his development of the construction of a pyrometric rod, which allows keeping the cold junction of the thermocouple in melting ice. This design then supplanted all other constructions of this kind.

While working at the Moscow Mining Academy in 1926, he published in the journal of the Russian Metallurgical Society (ZhRMO, No. 2) a fundamentally important scientific work, “The phenomenon of heating in muffle furnaces,” where, long before the appearance of similar works abroad, it was first proved that radiation is the main method of heat transfer in the furnace. This position refuted the prevailing notion of convection heat transfer as the only way to transfer heat in furnaces. The work then attracted, and especially later, much attention of specialists in the design of furnaces.

The scientific activities of B Stark and his department at the Moscow Institute of Steel are connected with the study of the structure and properties of metal melts, the mechanism and kinetics of high-temperature processes. In 1939, thorough studies of oxygen absorption by a metal in an open-hearth furnace were published, depending on the intensity of oxidative processes (B.V. Stark, E.V. Chelishev). Extensive studies of surface phenomena in iron melts, published partially in 1949, proved to be methodologically useful and revealed important patterns. The adsorption properties of oxygen and carbon dissolved in iron were first evaluated. Critical concentrations and temperatures were found that correspond to rearrangement of the surface layer and a change in the structure of iron-carbon melts. Kinetic models and theoretical equations have been developed for various modes of oxidation of metal bath impurities. The research materials were published in 1954 and, after the death of B.V. Stark, for the most part were included in the monograph by S. I. Filippov “Theory of the steel decarburization process”, 1956

B.V. Stark, along with his teacher, the outstanding metallurgist of our country, academician A.A. Baykov , has the honor of creating the theory of metallurgical processes as an independent science. B.V. Stark put a lot of work to ensure that this science is not a simple repetition of physical chemistry, but combines the physical and chemical foundations of metallurgical processes with practical data on metal production.

B.V. Stark gave a lot of energy to pedagogical activity. Under his leadership, the MIS compiled the first programs and study guides, created a laboratory at the department and developed a laboratory workshop on the course "Theory of Metallurgical Processes". The first manuals on the course were a compendium of lectures by B. V. Stark and his printed manual “Calculations on the Theory of Metallurgical Processes”.

In the activities of B.V. Stark at the Moscow Institute of Steel, a special place is occupied by the organization in 1948, on his initiative, the "Faculty of Physics and Technology" for the training of research engineers. The training of engineers of this profile was dictated by the need for rocket, electronic and other industries. It was carried out in two specialties: Physicochemical Investigations of Metallurgical Processes and Physics of Metals. The first dean of this faculty was B.V. Stark. Basic training in the specialty “Physicochemical Investigations of Metallurgical Processes” was conducted at the department of “Theory of Metallurgical Processes” headed by him.

The work of B.V. Stark on the organization of teaching in higher education was not limited to the framework of the Moscow Institute of Steel. He was a consultant to the metallurgical sector of the All-Union Committee for Higher Technical School (1933); was a member of the Presidium of the Methodological Council of the same committee; Chairman of the Qualification Commission at the Higher Attestation Commission (1933-1936), Chairman of the Program and Methodological Commission for Higher Technical Schools of Ferrous Metallurgy. In the 40s, B.V. Stark conducted significant scientific and methodological work as a member of the All-Union Committee on Higher Education.

Father - Victor Fedorovich Stark.

Mother - Maria Evlampievna Stark (in girlhood - Ogorodnikova).

Sister - Nadezhda Viktorovna Stark, wife of Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov .

Son - Sergey Borisovich Stark .

For outstanding services to his homeland, B.V. Stark was awarded the Order of Lenin , two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor and medals.

P.I. Polukhin, N.I. Tyurin. Boris Viktorovich Stark. News of higher educational institutions. Ferrous metallurgy. 1994, No. 7, pp. 71-73.

B.V. Stark in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

Page B.V. Stark on the website of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic University of Peter the Great.

Department of functional nanosystems and high-temperature materials (the founder of the department is B.V. Stark) on the website of NUST “MISiS”