Kusumoto Ine

Early life

Siimoto Ine was born on May 31, 1827 ^[a] in Nagasaki ^[3] . Her surname is the surname of her German father ^[4] , doctor Phillip Franz von Siebold , which was altered in the Japanese way. On a dedicated island for foreigners, Dejima played a role in the introduction of Western medical technology in Japan. Ine's mother, the Japanese Kusumoto Taki ( Jap. 楠 本 滝 ) , also appears in the sources under the name Sonoogi ( Jap. 其 扇 ) . At the age of sixteen in 1823, Taki was sent from the red light district of Maruyama to Siebold's concubine ^{[b] [5]} . Perhaps Taki herself was not really a courtesan, since Siebold was afraid of syphilis and demanded that he provide a virgin ^[6] . By the decree of the shogun, only prostitutes were allowed to enter Dejima; other women were strictly forbidden to enter. Therefore, Taki needed a formal reason for this, and the seal of a brothel allowed her to get there ^[2] . Ziebold said to his mother that Taki came from a noble family ^[7] .

Kusumoto lived with her parents on Dejima until her father was banished on October 22, 1829. ^[2] He was charged with acquiring a geographer ^[6] and spreading state secrets ^[6] , in particular maps that could fall into the hands of Japan’s enemies, for example, the Russian Empire, which posed a danger to Japan’s northern borders ^[2] . Ine and her mother were forbidden to leave their homeland ^{[c] [6]} . After breaking up with Siebold, Taki married a man named Wasaburo ( Jap. 和 三郎 wasaburo:) ^[8] .

Being a wealthy man, Siebold left Taki and Ine a stock of expensive sugar then and asked fellow servicemen to look after them. He cared about the education of his daughter, sent her books with the grammar of the Dutch language , which at that time was the language of Western studies in Japan. Legend has it that Kusumoto allegedly ran away from home to study medicine at the age of 14-15 with in the principality of Uvajima [6] [6] [6] [7] [7] , where he was put under house arrest for involvement in the Siebold case ^[8] .

Education and early career

Kusumoto officially began her medical education in 1845, when she began to study obstetrics in Okayama under the supervision of one of Siebold's students, ^{[d] [9]} . Having become pregnant from him, Ine in 1851 stopped her education from Ishii ^[9] and returned to Nagasaki, where in 1852 she gave birth to a daughter, , whom she called “Tada”, which means “free”, because Ine “received her free at the sky " ^[9] . In her stories about her mother, Tada stated that Ishii raped Kusumoto, although there is no hard evidence of this ^[4] . Ine could lie to her daughter in order to prevent Ishii from participating in her daughter's life ^[9] .

Kusumoto continued her studies in Nagasaki under the leadership of Abe Roan ( Jap. 阿 部 魯 庵 ) ^{[e] [9]} . In 1854, she left Tadu with her mother and went with Ninomiya's nephew named to study in Uvajima, where daimyo Date Mönenari ruled over Western education in Japan ^[10] . After Kaisaku suffered a stroke in 1856, Ine and Shuzo returned to Nagasaki ^[11] .

The policy of closed doors of Japan came to an end in 1854, and in 1859 an international trade port opened in Nagasaki. The Dutch moved from Dejima to the capital Edo (present-day Tokyo). Siebold received a pardon and returned on August 4 of the same year to Nagasaki ^[11] with his thirteen-year-old Alexander, the son of another marriage ^[8] . Shuzo became a Siebold's student, translator and personal assistant, and also taught Alexander the Japanese language ^[11] . Kusumoto lived for some time in her father’s house, but because of the tense relations between them, she moved out. Siebold didn’t like that Ine didn’t want to speak Dutch, and she was outraged by the maid’s pregnancy from Siebold. Through Shuzo, Kusumoto learned about advanced Dutch developments ^[12] . Her father's reputation contributed to the fact that Kusumoto began to receive her own patients ^[13] . In April 1862, Siebold was forced to return to Europe, after which he never returned to Japan ^[2] .

Kusumoto continued to study with Dutch doctors in Nagasaki. With the support of the military government, founded the first Western hospital and medical school in Japan in 1861, where Kusumoto attended classes for women and assisted in operations ^[13] . She became the first Japanese woman to be present at the autopsy ^[14] .

Thanks to her European education, Kusumoto received the patronage of Date Munenari, later inherited by her daughter, who changed her name to Takako ^[15] . To prevent Ine from being oppressed because of mixed origins, Munenari advised her to change her name to Itoka ^[4] . He increased her small scholarship paid by rice, as Kusumoto could at any time receive a call to the imperial palace from the imperial family. Kusumoto was one of three doctors who took delivery of Munenari's spouse Yoshiko in 1867 ^[16] . Kusumoto practiced in Uvadzim and often traveled to Nagasaki. Munenari talked about the fate of her father and Shuzo, who was arrested in 1861 by opponents of Western influence ^[15] . Shuzo was released in 1865, and in 1866 he married Takako ^[16] .

Taki died in 1869. At that time, Kusumoto was studying obstetrics in Nagasaki with Anthony Bauduin, who first performed an ovarian removal operation and was invited to a national medical school in the newly renamed Tokyo. Later, Kusumoto also settled in Tokyo ^[17] , where she met Soken's son Ishii Kendo ( Japan 道 道 isii kendo:, 1840–1882) . In Tokyo, Kusumoto maintained contact with her half-brothers, Alexander, who worked in the British embassy, ​​and Heinrich, a translator at the Austro-Hungarian diplomatic mission ^[18] .

Further career and death

Kendo and Shuzo received prestigious appointments in the capital. In 1873, thanks to her connections with Fukuzawa Yukichi and other Western scholars, Kusumoto accepted the child of Emperor Meiji from his concubine . The baby was born dead, and Mitsuko herself died four days later. Kusumoto received a 100- yen wage for her work at that time ^[18] . Shuzo and Takako moved to Osaka in 1876, where Shuzo worked in a hospital. In 1877, he fell ill and died ^[19] .

In 1879, Takako gave birth to a son from a friend of a man, whom Ine recorded as her heir and named Syuzo. Subsequently, Takako married Dr. Yamawaki Taisuke, from whom she bore three more children; she passed away in 1886. ^[20]

Kusumoto returned to Nagasaki for an obstetric license in 1884. In 1889 she arrived in Tokyo, where she retired in 1895 ^[20] . Her family moved to Azzabu in a new European-style home ^[19] . Here, on August 27, 1903, Kusumoto died of food poisoning ^[21] .

Kusumoto was light-skinned with barely curly brown hair and blue eyes. ^[4] She has never been married ^[20] . At the end of her life, Kusumoto preferred not to dwell on her mixed origins ^[22] .

The image of Kusumoto was used in literature, television, and music:

• The story " " (1972) Rootaro Siba ;
• The novel "Von Siebold no Musume" by (1979).

Films and productions

• "1970
• “ ” of 1977 based on the novel of the same name,
• “O-Ine: her father's name was Siebold” ( Jap. 『お い ね 父 の 名 は シ ー ボ ル ト』 ) of 2000 ^[23] .
• The musical based on the life of Kusumoto "Girl Bakumatsu: A Tale of Dr. o-Ine" ( Jap. 『幕末 ガ ー ル ～ ド ク ト ル ★ お イ ネ 物語』 ) , staged in Ehime in 2012 ^[24] .

• Nakamura, Ellen. Working out the Siebold Network: Kusumoto Ine and Western Learning in the Nineteenth-Century Japan // Japanese Studies. - 2008. - № 28 . - p . 197–211 . - ISSN 1469-9338 . - DOI : 10.1080 / 10371390802249172 .
• Matsuda, Makoto. Life楠 本周 三. - Jikei University School of Medicine. - 第 561–576 頁 .
• 県 西 予 市 編 集シ シ ー ー ボ ル ト の の 娘 楠 本 本 ネ ネ の 志 を を 継 ぐ 第 第 第 City of of 懸賞 集 集 - Tōkyō: Gyōsei, 2014. - ISBN 978-4-324-80070-6 .
• Ugami, Yukio.幕末 の 女 医 楠 本 イ イ - シ ボ ル ト の 娘 と 家族 の 肖像. - Gendai Shokan, 2018. - ISBN 978-4768458242 .
• Shūzō Kure. Philipp Franz von Siebold. Leben und Werk / Friedrich M. Trautz. - Hartmut Walravens, 1996. - 800 p. - ISBN 978-3-89129-497-0 .