Yagello, Yevgeny Iosifovich

Pole, Warsaw petty bourgeois. Born in a working class family. He graduated from the four-class Warsaw City School. He worked as a turner in various Warsaw, Lublin and Kiev factories. In Warsaw, he led his own workshop on Leshno Street , 75. Consisted of the Polish Socialist Party , and since 1906 a member of the Polish Socialist Party - Levitsa (PPS-Levitsa). According to the dossier of the Tsar's Security Department in 1908, he traveled to Vienna to solve the organizational issues of the party, met with other revolutionaries there ^[2] . At the time of the elections to the Duma, he was single, he worked as a turner in the Warsaw factory Bormann and Shveda (on Srebrnej street) ^[3] .

Elections to the 4th Duma

In April 1912, the XI Congress of the PPS-Levitsy in Opava decided on the participation of the party in the elections to the IV State Duma. The resolution adopted indicated that the electoral opportunities associated with the electoral system in the Russian Empire are insignificant. Despite this, the party set the task to actively participate in elections with the aim of using the electoral period for campaigning, informing and organizing the masses ^[4]

In August of the same year, the Jewish Socialist Party Bund formed an electoral committee of Socialist unity. However, the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPIL) did not respond to the proposal to join the joint bloc. And the PPS-revolutionary faction , as before, boycotted the Duma elections.

The Committee of Socialist Unity has published a list of its requirements in a special brochure. They included ^[5] :

Elections were held in several rounds. In the final round of elections from the non-Russian population of Warsaw (the Russian Warsaw citizens elected their own deputy) 80 electors participated, 3 of them from the workers' curia ^[4] . Jagiello was elected elector at the Warsaw factory of Borman and Shveda, where he then worked ^[6] , or, according to other sources, at the factory of Ortwein and Karasinsky ^[7] . He was not a prominent leader of the Polish Social Democracy, but his candidacy met the requirements of the electoral legislation, because he had no criminal record for disloyalty to the state system and his activities were not fixed by the police. Initially, E.I. Yagello doubted the need to participate in the elections, as he feared that he was not ready to perform the duties of a deputy. However, in July, Maria Koshutskaya , Stefan Krulikovsky and Anna Dembovskaya, while conducting preparations for the elections in the town of Vistula , convinced him of the need to run for office ^[7] .

At a meeting of the electors of the workers' curia of Warsaw, the socialists received 42 seats (PPS-Levitsa - 27, SDKPIL - 14, Bund - 1), 20 seats received the National Democratic Party, 8 seats - "Koncentracja Narodowa" and 18 - non-partisan. As a result, 3 places of the final round electors were divided among themselves by the PPS-Levitsa (Jagiello) and SDKPIL (Zalevsky and Bronovsky ^[8] ) ^[9] .

In the final round, there were three main contenders for the only parliamentary seat: Roman Dmovsky from the National Democrats (NDP), Jan Kukhazhevsky from Koncentracja Narodowa (or the so-called Secesja , the Warsaw intelligentsia group, who left the NDP in 1911 because of disagreement with policy Dmovsky ^[10] ) and Eugene Jagiello from the Socialist Union. Meanwhile, out of 80 electors, 46 votes belonged to Jews and only 34 Christians. A bloc of Jewish electors came to the decision to elect a Pole deputy to the Duma, in order not to stir up anti-Semitic sentiments. Initially, they turned to Kukhazhevsky, but he refused. As a result, the choice fell on Yagello ^[11] . As a result, Kukhazhevsky received 33 votes, and Yagello - 43 votes ^[5] .

Jagiello, basically, got the votes of electors, Jews by nationality, and working Poles. The Jewish voters wanted to give a mandate from the Polish capital, and since none of the candidates was fair in the local government, the votes were cast at Jagiello. The choice was rather unexpected, because, because of the electoral system of electors, the representatives of the workers did not expect victory. That is why the most famous activists did not stand as candidates. According to some reports, when he knew about the possibility of his choice, PPS-Left even considered that he would first remove the candidate, but this did not happen.

Thus, on October 25, 1912, Yagello was elected to the State Duma of the Russian Empire of the 4th convocation from the non-Russian population of the city of Warsaw ^[3] .

The election of Jagiello caused criticism and resistance from various sides of the political spectrum. On the one hand, the national democracy began a massive campaign to boycott the Jews under the slogan “Own and Your Own”. Under the auspices of Roman Dmovsky, the magazine Gazeta Poranna - 2 Grosze was created, dedicated to the propaganda of the boycott. The newly elected member of the Duma was called the "Jewish deputy" (poseł żydowski).

On the other hand, the deputy was criticized by both factions of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (“rozlamovtsy” and “zazhondovtsy”), as it does not represent the Polish workers. Dissatisfied with the loss of their two candidates, on November 22 (9), 1912, the SDKPIL sent a letter to the Social-Democratic faction of the Duma: "Dear comrades, in view of the fact that the Warsaw deputy Yevgeny Yagello stated in the press his intention to join the Social-Democratic faction, the Main Board The S.-D. C [Arts] P [Olsky] and L [Itvy] declares the following: Yevgeny Yagello cannot be considered a deputy from the workers and cannot be accepted as a member of the Social-Democratic fraction. <...> "The assumption of E. Jagiello in the n. D. Faction with a mandate not from the Polish workers, but from the Jewish nationalists, despite the protests of the Polish. From the. And despite the decisions of the Stockholm Congress [on the unification of Social Democracy Poland and Lithuania with the RSDLP.] Could further aggravate the internal struggle in the RSDLP and cause alienation between the Socialist-Democratic faction and the Polish Social-Democratic proletariat grouped around the CPD. Therefore, the CPD main board expects the Social Democratic faction to refuse Yagello in his request for approval in the fra tion as a member, to which it would feel obliged to protest in the strongest terms, " ^[12] . This letter became an important help for the Bolshevik wing of the faction in the struggle against the Mensheviks.

Activities in the Duma

When Jagiello appeared in St. Petersburg, a fierce struggle broke out between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks within the Duma Social Democratic faction. At that moment, the faction included 6 Bolsheviks and 6 Mensheviks. Trying to preserve parity, the Bolsheviks actively resisted the inclusion of Jagiello in the faction, referring to the letter of the SADCFL, they argued that since Jagiello had passed to the Duma thanks to the support of the bourgeoisie and the PPP and Bund bloc, he could not express the interests of the workers and was not a social democrat. In the first voting s.-d. the fraction split: 6 deputies (Mensheviks) voted for the reception of Yagello and 6 (Bolsheviks) against. With the arrival of I. N. Mankov, a deputy from the Irkutsk province , the Mensheviks gained an advantage, and Yagello was accepted as a member of the Social-Democrats fractions. But under pressure from the Bolsheviks, his rights within the faction were limited: on internal party issues, he received only an advisory vote ^[13] . The struggle around Jagiello’s entry into the faction is reflected in the letters and publications of both Lenin and Stalin . Lenin linked the hope of restoring intra-fractional parity with the arrival of A. N. Rusanov, a deputy from the Maritime Region ^[14] . However, his hopes were not justified, Rusanov turned out to be a Trudovik.

As a result, Jagiello nevertheless became part of the Social Democratic faction , although it was limited in resolving intra-party issues. After the split of the faction in the fall of 1913, Yagello remained in the Social Democratic faction of the Mensheviks . Consisted of the Duma commissions for the replacement of servitudes and local government. He spoke in the Duma 8 times, of which 5 times with requests (with a request for disasters on railways and rallies of Poles in Warsaw; about unemployed in Lodz; about arrests at a gas plant, etc.) ^[9] . On the basis of Article 38 of the Law on the Establishment of the State Duma of February 20, 1906, he was suspended for 15 meetings ^[3] .

He was appointed delegate of the PPS-Levitsy to the International Socialist Congress in Basel in September 1912, but did not participate in it. In December 1913, he was at the III National Conference of PPP-Levitsy in Krakow ^[2] .

The members of the Polish Kolo in the Duma boycotted Jagiello, which was confirmed by a resolution of November 29, 1912, adopted on the initiative of the deputy from the Kovno province Felix Rachkovsky .

The deputy of the State Duma, the Bolshevik and part-time agent of the secret police Roman Malinovsky knew the Polish language well, thanks to this he tried to get close to Jagiello, but on the other hand, like all the Bolshevik deputies, as well as, apparently, the security department, in which he served, was not interested in strengthening the Menshevik part of the faction and, consequently, in the activity of Yagello. By February 1913, P. L. Lapinsky, who had recently come from Warsaw to help Yagello, was arrested in St. Petersburg. When, shortly afterwards, Lydia Dan received an anonymous letter stating that Lapinsky "fell victim to the denunciation of your other enemies", suspicion first of all fell on Malinovsky. Stalin , then known as Vasilyev, met L. Dan and, threatening, demanded from her "stopping the" persecution "of the Bolshevik deputy ^[15] . About a year later, on May 8, 1914 ^[16] , R. V. Malinovsky, under pressure from Comrade Interior Minister V. F. Dzhunkovsky , who considered the situation when the Ministry of Internal Affairs, through its agent, is engaged in provocations in the indecent Duma, resigned as a deputy ^{[17 ]} .

In the summer of 1917, answering the question of the Chairman of the Emergency Investigation Commission of the Provisional Government N. K. Muravyov : "Do you know that one of the leaders of the police department acknowledged that the directive of the [Social Democratic] faction split was given from the police department?" Menshevik faction , Chkheidze recalled "that on the basis of this question [acceptance Jagiello the faction] found that there are issues that make it possible to <...> a sharp divergence of one of the factions and the other. Malinowski for this very clinging and this He gave a decisive battle. " ^[18]

After the outbreak of World War I

On the eve of the First World War, Yagello went to Austria, where he was arrested after the outbreak of hostilities. Later he lived in Vienna ^{[3] [19]} . In 1918 he returned to the Kingdom of Poland , again began to engage in metal processing in Warsaw. Belonged to the left wing of the Polish labor movement ^[3] . He was active in the trade union movement, but did not take a significant part in political life. He died on August 19, 1947 in Warsaw ^[2] .

Livica’s PPS activist Adam Pragye criticized Jagiello for his lack of talent and resourcefulness:

Therefore, we tried at least to write for him speeches and materials that would allow him to also orient himself in the world and in Russia, and especially in the immediate situation in the Duma. But this also turned out to be hopeless, because Yagello did not know the language enough. <...> Because of this, I had to leave poor Jagiello in his unhappy situation, and what was especially bitter in this was that he was a man of goodwill who was very embarrassed in the situation in which he found himself ^{[ 20]}

This assessment is also confirmed by Lydia Dan , who believed that Jagiello was a “completely insignificant, politically undeveloped person,” he had “a lot of fuss,” since he spoke Russian poorly ^[15] .

Vitold Trchinsky, a member of the Central Committee of the PPS-Levitsa, presented a completely different assessment, pointing to the high social activity of the deputy, including the release of arrested workers at the Aronovich gas plant, the release of Anthony Shtserkovsky from Pabianice or the struggle of Jagiello with the intention of transferring Polish exiles to more difficult places. from Tobolsk province. According to Trczyński, thanks to Jagiello in January 1914, 5,000 marks from German trade unions were sent to help help the strikers in Lodz. Trchinsky also mentioned his active work in helping the unemployed and his activity in the press:

It is also alleged that the "Jewish deputy" is gaining such popularity that there is probably no meeting of workers where an appeal is not initiated to it. The fact that this popularity has increased is indicated by the fact that in the letter “Życie Warszawskie” a questionnaire was distributed among readers about their attitude towards Jagiello: out of 2,153 1970 answers, that is 92%, were in support of Jagiello. ^[9]

• Yagello E. I. [Open Letter of Deputy Jagiello]. - “Ray”, SPb., 1912, No. 40, November 2, p. 2. Under total. zagl .: The first working deputy from Poland in G. Duma.
• Yagello EI. Letter to the editors. - Pravda, Spb., 1913, No. 11 (215), January 15, p. 2. Under total. cap .: Polish workers and anti-Semitism.
• Yagello EI Klodzinsky workers. (Letter to the editor). - Pravda, Spb., 1913, No. 18 (222), January 23, p. 1.

• Boievich MM Members of the State Duma (Portraits and biographies. Fourth convocation. M., 1913. c. 405 .
• The 4th convocation of the State Duma: Art phototype album with portraits and biographies. SPb., 1913. Table. four.
• Nikolaev A. B. Yagello, Yevgeny Yuzefovich (Iosifovich) // State Duma of the Russian Empire: 1906-1917. B. Yu. Ivanov, A. A. Komzolov, I. S. Ryakhovskaya. Moscow. ROSSPEN. 2008. C. 721.

Recommended Sources

• Magazine Ya.M. Verification of deputy powers: on the issue of verification of the election of a deputy EI Yagello; meeting of the State Duma on March 6, 1913 // Law. 1913. № 13. Stb. 801-814.
• Avgustovsky K. [pseudonym S.O. Zederbaum ]. Tov. Yagello and S.-d. fraction. - “Ray”, Spb., 1912, No. 56, November 21, p. 1.
• Stalin I. V. Yagello, as a non-full member of the Social Democratic Party fractions. // "Truth" No. 182 of December 1, 1912.
• Badayev A. Bolsheviks in the State Duma. M. 1954
• Brzoza Cz., Stepan K. Posłowie polscy w Parlamencie Rosyjskim, 1906–1917: Słownik biograficzny. Warszawa, 2001. ISBN 83-7059-506-5 .
• Jan Tomicki: Jagiełło Eugeniusz. W: Ajnenkiel Eugeniusz i in .: Słownik Biograficzny działaczy Polskiego Ruchu Robotniczego. Feliks Tych (red.). T. 2: E – J. Warszawa: 1987. ISBN 83-05-11657-3 .
• Eugeniusz Ajnenkiel. Życie polityczne Warszawy w roku 1912 (ciąg dalszy). „Kronika Ruchu Rewolucyjnego w Polsce”. 2 (14), kwiecień – czerwiec 1938.
• Archiwum Ruchu Robotniczego, Centralne Archiwum KC PZPR, red. Feliks Tych. T. 5. Warszawa 1977.
• Hanna Kasprzakowa . Maria Koszutska. Warszawa: 1988.
• Walentyna Najdus . Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy. Wrocław: 1980.
• Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski . Najnowsza historia polityczna Polski. T. 1: 1864-1914. Londyn: 1963.
• PPS-Lewica. 1906–1918. Materiały i dokumenty. oprac. Janina Kasprzakowa i in .. T. 2: 1911-1914. Warszawa: 1962.
• Adam Pragier . Czas przeszły dokonany. Londyn: 1966.
• Witold Trzciński . Z minionych dni Polski Podziemnej 1905–1918. Warszawa: 1937.

Archives

• Russian State Historical Archive. Fund 1278. Inventory 9. Case 925; Case 1348. Sheet 48.