XVII Congress of the CPSU (B.)

S. M. Kirov speaks at the XVII Congress of the CPSU (B.) Moscow, 1934

1. Report of the CPSU (b) ( I.V. Stalin )
2. Report of the Central Auditing Commission ( M.F. Vladimirsky )
3. Report of the Central Control Commission - RCT ( Y. E. Rudzutak )
4. Report of the delegation of the CPSU (b) to the ECCI ( D.Z. Manuilsky )
5. The plan of the second five-year plan ( V. M. Molotov and V. V. Kuybyshev )
6. Organizational matters (party and Soviet construction) ( L. M. Kaganovich )
7. Elections of the central organs of the party

The congress was opened by V. M. Molotov , closed by M. I. Kalinin .
On January 31, the announcement of the death of the stratospheric balloon Osoaviahim-1 on January 30 was announced. The memory of the dead stratonauts was honored with a moment of silence and a decision was made to bury them in the Kremlin wall .

In the field of political construction

Accepted documents:

• 1. According to the report of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b)

To approve the political line and practical work of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, as well as the report of Comrade Stalin and to invite all party organizations to be guided in their work by the provisions and tasks put forward in Comrade Stalin's report.

• 2. According to the report of the Central Auditing Commission

Report of the Central Auditing Commission approved

• 3. According to the report of the Central Control Commission-RCT

The activity of the Central Control Commission-RCT has been approved.

• 4. According to the report of the delegation of the CPSU (b) in the Executive Committee of the Communist International

The political line and practical work of the delegation of the CPSU (B.) In the Comintern was approved.

In the field of economic development

The results of the first five -year plan are summed up, the directions for the implementation of the second five-year plan, which provided for the transformation of the USSR into "a technically and economically independent country and into the most technologically advanced state in Europe", are determined ^[4] .

Accepted documents:

• 5. About the second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR (1933-1937)

The program for completing the technical reconstruction of the entire national economy and production growth in the second five-year period, submitted by the USSR State Planning Commission and adopted by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, was approved.

Installed:

- control figures for the volume of production;

- directions for the implementation of the technical reconstruction of the national economy;

- measures to increase labor productivity and reduce costs ;

- Product growth throughout agriculture (2 times);

- measures for the complete completion of collectivization and the implementation of the technical reconstruction of all agriculture;

- increase in cargo turnover of the main types of transport;

- directions of technical reconstruction of transport and communications;

- directions (program) of training;

- the need for the broadest deployment of the work of scientific and technical institutes, and especially factory laboratories;

- the total volume of capital work on the national economy for the second five-year period in the amount of 133.4 billion rubles. (in 1933 prices) against 50.5 billion for the first five-year period;

- commissioning of new and reconstructed enterprises for the second five years with a total value of 132 billion rubles. against 38.6 billion rubles. in the first five-year period;

- most important construction sites;

- Directions for the deployment of productive forces (including the creation of new pillars of industrialization in the eastern regions of the Union ( Urals , Western and Eastern Siberia , Bashkiria , Far Eastern Federal District, Kazakhstan and Central Asia );

- a program to increase the material and cultural level of workers and peasants, and tasks in the field of improving the material and cultural standard of living of workers and workers of the village.

• The congress determined that the second five-year plan for the development of the national economy should solve 5 problems:

1. The liquidation of capitalist elements and classes in general, the final liquidation, on the basis of the complete completion of the collectivization of peasant farms and the cooperation of all artisans, private ownership of the means of production; the elimination of the multistructure economy of the Soviet Union and the establishment of a socialist mode of production as the only mode of production, with the transformation of the entire working population of the country into active and conscious builders of a socialist society;

2. The completion of the technical reconstruction of the entire national economy of the USSR on the basis created during the first five-year period and following the path of further rapid growth of the industry producing the means of production (heavy industry);

3. A faster rise in the well-being of the workers and peasants, and at the same time a decisive improvement in all housing and communal services in the USSR;

4. Strengthening the economic and political positions of the proletarian dictatorship on the basis of the alliance of the working class with the peasantry for the final elimination of capitalist elements and classes in general;

5. Further strengthening the country's defense capabilities.

6. Organizational matters (party and Soviet construction).

Organizational matters (party and Soviet construction)

Decisions taken:

• on the disaggregation of administrative divisions (the elimination of districts and the creation of new districts); disaggregation of a number of people's commissariats (Supreme Economic Council, People's Commissariat of Agriculture, People’s Commissariat of Trade and NKPS); disaggregation of trade unions; organization of political departments in transport and party trade systems in the fuel industry; cleaning Soviet and economic organs, reducing their staff; another party cleanup.
• on the resumption of admission to the party after the purge, from the second half of 1934; transforming party cells into party organizations.
• on the restructuring of the management system in the party, transforming the secretariats and departments at all party levels; the continuation of the organization of political departments in MTS , state farms and transport.
• on the elimination of the functional management system for the territorial-production, the creation of a managerial vertical in industrial commissariats.
• on the transition from a collegial management system to a system of personal leadership (in people's commissariats, regional executive committees, Sovnarkomy of republics and in city councils to have a leader and no more than two deputies)
• on the transformation of control bodies, in particular, by creating instead of the Central Control Commission the Party Control Commission under the Central Committee, and to endow the head of the Soviet Control Commission with the post of deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

A new version of the Charter of the CPSU (b) was adopted.

Elections

At the Congress, the following were elected:

Central Committee : 71 members, 68 candidates for membership in the Central Committee

Central Auditing Commission : 22 people

Party Control Commission : 61 people

Soviet Control Commission : 70 people

• Most delegates are repressed after a few years.

The members of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) elected by the congress on February 9, 1934 :

1. Alekseev, Peter Alekseevich (1893-1937)
2. Andreev, Andrey Andreevich (1895-1971)
3. Antipov, Nikolai Kirillovich (1894-1938)
4. Badaev, Alexey Egorovich (1883-1951)
5. Balitsky, Vsevolod Apollonovich (1892-1937)
6. Bauman, Karl Yanovich (1892-1937)
7. Beria, Lavrenty Pavlovich (1899-1953)
8. Bubnov, Andrey Sergeevich (1884-1938)
9. Vareikis, Joseph Mikhailovich (1894-1938)
10. Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich (1881-1969)
11. Gamarnik, Yan Borisovich (1894-1937)
12. Evdokimov, Efim Georgievich (1891-1940)
13. Ezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1895-1940)
14. Yenukidze, Avel Safronovich (1877-1937)
15. Zhdanov, Andrei Alexandrovich (1896-1948)
16. Zhukov, Ivan Pavlovich (1889-1937)
17. Zelensky, Isaac Abramovich (1890-1938)
18. Ivanov, Vladimir Ivanovich (1893-1938)
19. Ikramov, Akmal Ikramovich (1898-1938)
20. Kabakov, Ivan Dmitrievich (1891-1937)
21. Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseevich (1893-1991)
22. Kaganovich, Mikhail Moiseevich (1888-1941)
23. Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich (1875-1946)
24. Kartvelishvili, Lavrentiy Iosifovich (1890-1938)
25. Kirov, Sergey Mironovich (1886-1934)
26. Knorin, Wilhelm Georgievich (1890-1938)
27. Kodatsky, Ivan Fedorovich (1893-1937)
28. Kosarev, Alexander Vasilievich (1903-1939)
29. Kosior, Joseph Vikentievich (1893-1937)
30. Kosior, Stanislav Vikentievich (1889-1939)
31. Krzhizhanovsky, Gleb Maximilianovich (1872-1959)
32. Krinitsky, Alexander Ivanovich (1894-1937)
33. Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna (1869-1939)
34. Kuibyshev, Valerian Vladimirovich (1888-1935)
35. Swan, Dmitry Zakharovich (1893-1937)
36. Litvinov, Maxim Maksimovich (1876-1951)
37. Lobov, Semyon Semyonovich (1888-1937)
38. Lyubimov, Isidor Evstigneevich (1882-1937)
39. Manuilsky, Dmitry Zakharovich (1883-1959)
40. Mezhlauk, Valery Ivanovich (1893-1938)
41. Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich (1895-1978)
42. Mirzoyan, Levon Isaevich (1897-1939)
43. Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (1890-1986)
44. Nikolaev, Claudia Ivanovna (1893-1944)
45. Nosov, Ivan Petrovich (1888-1937)
46. Ordzhonikidze, Grigory Konstantinovich (1886-1937)
47. Petrovsky, Grigory Ivanovich (1878-1958)
48. Postyshev, Pavel Petrovich (1887-1939)
49. Pyatakov, Georgy Leonidovich (1890-1937)
50. Pyatnitsky, Osip Aronovich (1882-1938)
51. Razumov, Mikhail Osipovich (1894-1937)
52. Rudzutak, Jan Ernestovich (1887-1938)
53. Rumyantsev, Ivan Petrovich (1886-1937)
54. Rukhimovich, Moses Lvovich (1889-1938)
55. Ryndin, Kuzma Vasilievich (1893-1938)
56. Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich (1878-1953)
57. Stetsky, Alexey Ivanovich (1896-1938)
58. Sulimov, Daniil Egorovich (1890-1937)
59. Ukhanov, Konstantin Vasilievich (1891-1937)
60. Khataevich, Mendel Markovich (1893-1937)
61. Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich (1894-1971)
62. Chernov, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1891-1938)
63. Chubar, Vlas Yakovlevich (1891-1939)
64. Chuvyrin, Mikhail Evdokimovich (1883-1947)
65. Miracles, Mikhail Semenovich (1893-1937)
66. Shvernik, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1888-1970)
67. Sheboldaev, Boris Petrovich (1895-1937)
68. Eikhe, Robert Indrikovich (1890-1940)
69. Berry, Henry G. (1891-1938)
70. Yakir, Jonah Emmanuilovich (1896-1937)
71. Yakovlev, Yakov Arkadevich (1896-1938) ^[5] .

Election Vote

To count the votes in the elections to the central organs of the party, the congress elected a commission of 63 delegates. The chairman of the commission elected a delegate from the Kiev party organization V.P. Zatonsky, and the secretary - a delegate from the Leningrad party organization M.A. Osvensky. The remaining 61 people were distributed so that each of 13 ballot boxes was assigned 4-5 members of the counting committee ^[6] .

According to the materials of the counting commission, 1225 delegates with casting vote could take part in the voting. However, according to the protocol of February 10, 1934, the counting commission established that “the total number of votes cast at the XVII Congress of the CPSU (B.) Is 1059”, that is, 166 votes less than the number of delegates with casting vote ^[6] .

The list of members and candidates of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, proposed by the meeting of representatives of all delegations of the congress, is attached to the protocol, which indicates the number of votes cast “for” one or another candidate. According to this document, all the proposed candidates received an absolute majority of votes in favor. Of these, only two were unanimously elected - M. I. Kalinin and I. F. Kodatsky. “For” JV Stalin, 1,056 votes were cast (therefore, “against” there were 3 votes), “for” S. M. Kirov - 1055 (that is, “against” 4). The smallest number of votes “for” according to the list of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was received by Y. A. Yakovlev - 941 (“against” 118), according to the list of candidates for membership in the Central Committee — M. P. Tomsky (“for” 801, “against” 258 ) ^[6] .

Officially, the election results were announced on February 10, 1934 at a meeting of the congress and on February 11 in the press. In the same year they were published in a verbatim report of the work of the congress. However, the number of votes cast “for” and “against” each candidate was not reported ^[6] .

In the 1960s, reports appeared in the press about the possible falsification of voting results in these elections. The main source of this version was the speech of V.M. Verkhovykh, who was a member of the counting committee of the congress. The archive contains a memorandum by V. M. Verkhov to the Party Control Committee under the Central Committee of the CPSU of November 23, 1960, in which he wrote: “As a delegate to the 17th Party Congress ..., I was elected to the Counting Commission. A total of 65 or 75 people were elected, I don’t remember exactly. I don’t remember how many ballot boxes there were - 13 or 15 ... 1225 or 1227 should have participated in the voting. 1222 voted. As a result of the voting, the largest number of votes “against” were Stalin, Molotov, Kaganovich, each had more than 100 votes “against” ", I don’t remember exactly now ... but, it seems, Stalin is 125 or 123." In the same note, V. M. Verkhovykh reported that “in the course of the work of the congress, several delegations talked about the Secretary General of the Central Committee. In a conversation with Kosior, the latter told me: some of us spoke with Kirov so that he agreed to be Secretary General. Kirov refused, saying: we must wait, everything will be settled ” ^[6] .

However, the testimonies of two other members of the counting commission of the XVII Congress, who survived to the beginning of the 60s, N.V. Andreasyan and S.O. Vixnin, do not coincide with each other and with the statement of V.M. Verkhovy. In his explanation of November 12, 1960, N. V. Andreasyan wrote: “I remember our indignation at the fact that there were cases in the lists for secret ballot when the name of Stalin was crossed out. How many such cases were, I don’t remember, but, it seems, no more than three facts. ” S.O. Vixnin reported on January 14, 1961: “How many votes were cast against Stalin — I don’t remember, but I clearly remember that he received the least“ for ”votes ^[6] .

When the question of falsification of the voting results at the XVII Congress of the CPSU (b) was again raised in 1989, not a single member of the counting commission of this congress was alive ^[6] .

В своём отчётном докладе, зачитанным перед съездом, Сталин обрушился с резкой критикой на «партийных бюрократов» и другие «подрывные элементы», якобы мешающие нормальному функционированию партии ^[7] . В качестве заключения, он заявил следующее:

Было бы наивно думать, что можно побороть эти трудности при помощи резолюций и постановлений. Бюрократы и канцеляристы давно уже набили руку на том, чтобы на словах продемонстрировать верность решениям партии и правительства, а на деле - положить их под сукно.
...
Помимо неисправимых бюрократов и канцеляристов, насчет устранения которых у нас нет никаких разногласий, есть у нас еще два типа работников, которые тормозят нашу работу, мешают нашей работе и не дают нам двигаться вперед. Один тип работников - это люди с известными заслугами в прошлом, люди, ставшие вельможами, люди, которые считают, что партийные и советские законы писаны не для них, а для дураков. Это те самые люди, которые не считают своей обязанностью исполнять решения партии и правительства и которые разрушают, таким образом, основы партийной и государственной дисциплины. На что они рассчитывают, нарушая партийные и советские законы? Они надеются на то, что Советская власть не решится тронуть их из-за их старых заслуг. Эти зазнавшиеся вельможи думают, что они незаменимы и что они могут безнаказанно нарушать решения руководящих органов

— XVII съезд Всесоюзной Коммунистической партии (большевиков). Стенографический отчет

Н. С. Хрущёв , в своем докладе на закрытом заседании XX съезда КПСС , сообщил: « Из 1956 делегатов… 1108 были арестованы по обвинению в контрреволюционных преступлениях (56,6 %) » ^[8] .

Известный исследователь советской системы М. С. Восленский пишет:

В том числе были, по официально принятому термину, «незаконно репрессированы» 97 членов и кандидатов в члены ЦК партии, избранного на XVII съезде (из общего числа 139 человек); кроме того, 5 покончили жизнь самоубийством и 1 (Киров) был убит в результате покушения. Из этих 97 уничтоженных (почти 70 % состава ЦК) 93 были ликвидированы в 1937—1939 гг. Убивали их зачастую целыми группами: более половины из них были расстреляны за 8 дней.

— Михаил Восленский , «Номенклатура», глава 7, раздел 14

• О культе личности и его последствиях
• Госплан СССР

1. ↑ 6. Уголовное законодательство периода грубых нарушений законности (1927—1941 гг.) — Курс уголовного права. Том 1 — ред. Н. Ф. Кузнецова. — Уголовное право Архивировано 17 сентября 2013 года. Право на vuzlib
2. ↑ «Справочник по истории КПСС и Советского Союза 1898—1965»
3. ↑ Стенографический отчёт XVII съезда ВПК(б), М. — Л., ГИЗ, 1934, с.303-304
4. ↑ См. решения Съезда на сайте «ХРОНОС» (недоступная ссылка) (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 26 июня 2007. Архивировано 30 сентября 2007 года.
5. ↑ Известия ЦК КПСС — 1989 — № 12 — С. 87—100.
6. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7} Сколько делегатов XVII съезда партии голосовало против Сталина? К истории голосования при выборах центральных органов партии на XVII съезде ВКП(б) // «Известия ЦК КПСС», 1989, № 7, с. 114—121.
7. ↑ CCCР | Оппозиция | 1937-й Лекция И. А. Анфертьева на сайте «Onlinetv.ru»
8. ↑ Н. С. Хрущёв. Доклад на закрытом заседании, с. eighteen

• Семнадцатый съезд ВКП(б) // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
• XVII съезд Всесоюзной Коммунистической партии (большевиков). Стенографический отчет /М. Партиздат , 1934
• СЪЕЗД ПОБЕДИТЕЛЕЙ (неопр.) . — Полный стенографический отчёт. Дата обращения 21 января 2012. Архивировано 25 февраля 2012 года.
• Отчётный доклад XVII съезду партии о работе ЦК ВКП(б) (26 января 1934 года) // Сталин И. В. Вопросы ленинизма. Изд 11. М. ОГИЗ , 1939 — С. С.423. — 486.
• Чернов М. П. XVII съезд ВКП(б). — Кишинев: Картя молодовеняскэ, 1986.
• Сколько делегатов XVII партии голосовало против Сталина? // Известия ЦК КПСС — 1989 — № 7 — С. 114—121.
• О судьбе членов и кандидатов в члены ЦК ВКП(б), избранного XVII съездом партии. // Известия ЦК КПСС — 1989 — № 12 — С. 82—113.

• Делегаты XVII съезда ВКП(б)
• «Справочник по истории КПСС и Советского Союза 1898—1965»
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