Alan de Neville ( Eng. Alan de Neville , also Eng. Alan de Neuville [2] ; d. C. 1176) - English nobleman and statesman. He served as the chief forester of the royal forests under Henry II .
| Alan de Neville | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English Alan de neville | |||||||
| |||||||
| Monarch | Henry II Plantagenet | ||||||
| Successor | Thomas Fitzburnard [1] | ||||||
| Birth | |||||||
| Death | OK. 1176 | ||||||
| Kind | Neville | ||||||
| Spouse | daughter of Lord Pont-Audeme | ||||||
| Children | Eve, Thomas, Ralph, Jeffrey, Alan (?) | ||||||
Biography
The early years
Alan was a descendant of Gilbert de Neville, a small landowner from Lincolnshire during the post- Norman conquest ; in the Doomsday Book, he is indicated by the holder of the Lincolnshire from Peterborough Abbey , as well as other lands in Lincolnshire from the abbey obtained in 1115 and 1125 [3] . There is no other evidence of Alan's origin, but it is known that he had a brother Gilbert, probably named after their ancestor; Gilbert is listed as a witness in some of his brother’s charters. [4]
For the first time in historical records, Alan appears in 1138 as the butler of Count Galerand IV de Mélane [1] , but it is likely that de Neville served with de Mélane before that time [5] . As a butler, Alan received a rent from market fees in Pont-Odem in the amount of one hundred shillings per year [6] . Alan de Neville acted as a witness in the charter of Galeran, issued to the and dated to 1141 [7] . Until the 1150s, Alan witnessed about ten more charters of de Melan [8] .
Royal Service
In 1153, Alan was already in the service of the future King Henry II [1] . In 1156, de Neville was exempted from paying the Denegeld to his lands in Lincolnshire, some of which were once owned by Gilbert de Neville [9] . Heinrich also provided Alan with land around and, possibly, later entrusted him with the protection , since his son Eve was responsible for the work in the castle in 1176 [4] . By 1163, Alan de Neville was instructed to listen to requests for forests in Oxfordshire and probably Buckinghamshire , Bedfordshire , Leicestershire , Warwickshire , Cambridgeshire , Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire [10] .
Alan, as one of the king's supporters, attended the Clarendon Council [11] and became one of the witnesses of the adoption of the Clarendon Constitutions in 1164, which were the result of the Council [4] . In 1166, he was named the chief forester of the royal forests [1] , responsible for the conservation of forests belonging to the crown, as well as forests belonging to representatives of the nobility; Alan was also responsible for the royal courts' activities related to forest law [12] : he enforced forest laws that prohibited the cutting of trees, clearing new arable land, poaching, or creating fences in the royal forests. Any violations of forest law were subject to fines, which were an important source of royal income; crime detection, sentencing and its implementation were also the responsibility of Alan de Neville. Alan's activity provoked indignation among people who were subjected to forest law [13] .
Alan supported the king during a between the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket and Henry II, who lasted from 1163 to 1170, and was excommunicated by the archbishop twice - [1] . The first excommunication occurred when de Neville imprisoned one of Becket’s chaplains, William Salisbury, for six months at Corfe Castle in connection with his participation in Becket’s actions against the monarch [14] . The excommunication was canceled by when Alan decided to go on a crusade . Becket was indignant at the actions of the bishop, although Foliot granted absolution to de Neville, provided that he received penance from the pope on his way to the Holy Land [15] .
During 1166, Alan was responsible for the Staffordshire wandering justice, and received petitions regarding forests in Devonshire , Worcestershire, and probably other territories entrusted to him [16] . In 1167, Abbot Abbot Battle sent a monk to beg Galeran IV de Melan to intervene and stop de Neville's exactions levied from the abbot’s estate [17] . After the uprising of 1173-1174, Alan celebrated the forest air and from 1176 to 1178 imposed fines totaling twelve thousand pounds for violations of forest law during the uprising [18] . Probably, this air was personally appointed by the king and used forest law, since it depended solely on the king, and was not based on ordinary laws [7] .
Death and Heritage
Alan de Neville died around 1176 [1] . After his death, the monks from Battle Abbey asked the king to bury Alan's body in their monastery, perhaps hoping through this action to get some of Neville's possessions. However, the king, according to rumors, replied: "I will get his money, you can take the body, and the demons in hell - the soul" [19] .
The Battle Abbey Chronicle claimed that Alan de Neville “most viciously harassed the various provinces throughout England with countless and unusual harassment” [20] . The chronicle also noted that Neville was equally strict both in relation to the clergy and the common people [21] . According to historian , Neville’s requisitions brought him a bad reputation, and his activities bordered on extortion [19] .
Family
Alan de Neville was married to the daughter of Lord Pont-Audeme [5] . He had at least four sons - Yves, Thomas [4] , Ralph [22] and Jeffrey. Alan could also be the father of , who served as [23] , who served as the chief forester under Kings Richard the Lionheart , John Landless and Henry III , was probably Alan’s grandson from his son Ralph [22] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Crook, 2004 .
- ↑ Crouch, 2000 , p. 153.
- ↑ Young, 1996 , p. 7.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Young, 1996 , pp. 12-13.
- ↑ 1 2 Crouch, 2008 , p. 36.
- ↑ Crouch, 2008 , p. 148.
- ↑ 1 2 Crouch, 2008 , p. 32.
- ↑ Crouch, 2008 , p. 143.
- ↑ Young, 1996 , p. 8.
- ↑ Warren, 1977 , p. 285, footnote 5.
- ↑ Crouch, 2008 , p. 143 (note 35).
- ↑ Huscroft, 2005 , p. 168.
- ↑ Carpenter, 2004 , pp. 197-198.
- ↑ Barlow, 1990 , p. 149.
- ↑ Barlow, 1990 , p. 160.
- ↑ Richardson, Sayles, 1963 , p. 199.
- ↑ Crouch, 2000 , p. 92.
- ↑ Carpenter, 2004 , p. 226.
- ↑ 1 2 Bartlett, 2002 , p. 170.
- ↑ Warren, 1977 , p. 390
- ↑ Young, 1996 , p. 11.
- ↑ 1 2 Cokayne, 1982 , pp. 478-479.
- ↑ Young, 1996 , p. 19.
Literature
- Bartlett, Robert. England under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075-1225 . - Oxford University Press, 2002. - ISBN 0192547372 , 9780192547378.
- Barlow, Frank. Thomas Becket . - University of California Press, 1990. - 334 p. - ISBN 0520071751 , 9780520071759.
- Carpenter, David. The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284. - New York: Penguin, 2004 .-- ISBN 0-14-014824-8 .
- Cokayne, George E. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct, or Dormant. - Gloucester, UK: A. Sutton, 1982.- T. IX. - ISBN 0-904387-82-8 .
- Crook, David. The Earliest Exchequer Estreat and the Forest Eyres of Henry II and Thomas fitz Bernard, 1175–1180 // Records, Administration and Aristocratic Society in the Anglo-Norman Realm / ed. Nicholas Vincent. - Boydell Press, 2009 .-- P. 29-44. - 206 p. - ISBN 1843834855 , 9781843834854.
- Crook, David. Alan de Neville // Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. - Oxford University Press, 2004.
- Crouch, David. The Beaumont Twins: The Roots and Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century . - Cambridge University Press, 2008 .-- 268 p. - ISBN 052109013X , 9780521090131.
- Crouch, David. The reign of King Stephen, 1135-1154 . - Longman, 2000 .-- 384 p. - ISBN 0582226589 , 9780582226586.
- Huscroft, Richard. Ruling England, 1042-1217 . - Pearson Education, 2005 .-- 232 p. - ISBN 0582848822 , 9780582848825.
- Richardson HG; Sayles, George Osborne. The Governance of Mediaeval England: From the Conquest to Magna Carta. - Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1963. OCLC 504298
- Warren, Wilfred Lewis. Henry II . - University of California Press, 1977. - 693 p. - ISBN 0520034945 , 9780520034945.
- Young, Charles Robert. The Making of the Neville Family in England, 1166-1400 . - Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 1996 .-- 172 p. - ISBN 0851156681 , 9780851156682.